Synergistic interaction of clove, cinnamon, and eucalyptus essential oils impregnated in cellulose acetate electrospun fibers as antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus
Jarbas Freitas AmaranteMateus Matiuzzi da CostaJackson Roberto Guedes da Silva AlmeidaHelinando Pequeno de Oliveira
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Eucalyptus oil
Cellulose acetate
Bacterial Cellulose
The concentration of total flavanoids from litchi pericarp(LPF) was determined by spectrofluorimetry,and its antimicrobial and bactericidal activities against microbes,as well as the mechanisms were investigated.The purity and yield of extract was 48.56% and 13.61%,respectively.Meanwhile,the diameter of inhibition zone of Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomgces cerevislac by oxford plate assay were 15.1,14.0 and 13.8 mm,respectively.The maximum inhibitory rate of Aspergillus niger reached 28.75% under the concentration of 10 mg/mL.The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC) of LPF were also measured by plate dilution method.As the results,the MIC of LPF against E.coli and St.aureus were 2.5 mg/mL and MBC were 5 mg/mL,while those of Sa.cerevislac and A.niger were 5 mg/mL and no bactericidal activity observed.Observation under scanning electron microscope revealed that the antimicrobial activity and the bactericidal function of LPF against St.aureus were directly relevant to the structure destruction of cells membrance and wall.
Minimum bactericidal concentration
Aspergillus niger
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Essential oils such as eucalyptus oil are widely used as antioxidants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, fragrance, and other medical needs. This oil is extracted from eucalyptus terpenoid compounds, e.g., cineole. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the leaf storage time and distillation time (DT) on Eucalyptus grandis essential oil yield and quality. Three DT treatments (i.e., 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h) and storage time of eucalyptus leaf in warehouse (i.e., 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h) were applied on eucalyptus leaf samples. The quality of the eucalyptus essential oil was determined using cineole content, solubility in alcohol, and optical rotation. The essential oil yield ranges between 0.165-0.220%, with the maximum yield of 0.220% on 3 days of storage and 4-hour distillation time. The cineole content ranged between 10-30% and the highest at 3 h DT with a storage time of 2 days. The optical rotation on the tested specimen showed that the index of refraction produced in oil projections was positive. The samples in all treatments showed high solubility in alcohol. This study showed that storage time of 3 days and 3-hour distillation time resulted in the most optimal eucalyptus essential oil yield, and the excellent quality of oil produced has a high potential for health product applications.
Eucalyptus oil
Eucalyptus globulus
Steam distillation
Myrtaceae
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Antimicrobial activity of 18 different traditional medicinal herbs extracts against Staphylococcus aureus was determined by a paper disc method. The Prunella vulgaris, Caesalpinia sappan and Rhus javanica extracts in 5 mg/ml, Poncirus trifoliata, Lonicera japonica and Seutellaria baicalensis extracts in 10 mg/ml and Schizandra chinensis, Alpinia katsumadai, Siegesbeckia orientalis extracts in 30 mg/ml showed a significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal herbs extracts were in the range of and , in the case of MeOH extracts and EtOH extracts, respectively. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of each solvent fraction was most significant with EtOAc layer. Optical density at 620nm after 24 hours incubation of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of 100, 300 or 500 ppm of Caesalpinia sappan extract ranged from 0.02 to 0.03 compared to 0.4 in the absence of Caesalpinia sappan extract, indicating that growth of Staphylococcus aureus was significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 100 ppm of Caesalpinia sappan extract. Optical density at 620 nm after 24 hours incubation of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of 300 ppm of Rhus javanica extract ranged from 0.02 to 0.03 compared to 0.4 in the absence of Rhus javanica extract, indicating that growth of Staphylococcus aureus was also significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 300 ppm of Rhus javanica extract. Optical density at 620 nm after 24 hours incubation of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of 300 ppm of Seutellaria baicalensis extract ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 compared to 0.4 in the absence of Seutellaria baicalensis extract, indicating that growth of Staphylococcus aureus was also significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 300 ppm of Seutellaria baicalensis extract. In conclusion, these findings suggest that extracts from medicinal herbs may play important roles for antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Members of the genus Eucalyptus are potential sources of number of commercial essential oils and aromachemicals. In present study, the essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Eucalyptus alba were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Essential oil yields ranged from 2.41 to 4.35%. In total 18 constituents were identified, accounting for 99.0 to 99.7% of the total compositions. 1,8-cineole was present in all samples as the major component (76.5-88.1%). In addition to this compound, others that were found including limonene (3.8–8.6%), α-terpineol (1.4–2.8%), globulol (1.3–6.3%) and α-pinene (1.5–1.8%). The essential oil showed a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 which is translated by an MIC of 1.25 mg/mL and good activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 (6.25 mg/mL) and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 (6.25 mg/mL). To our knowledge, our study is the first report of E. alba essential oils characterized by a high 1,8-cineole content (>76.5%). They may have potential applications in food and pharmaceutical products.
Keywords: Eucalyptus alba, essential oils, antibacterial activity, 1,8-cineole and GC-SM
Eucalyptus oil
Myrtaceae
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A series of 1ʹ-acetoxychavicol acetate analogues were synthesised and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using broth microdilution technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used to determine whether the compounds had potential as inhibitory agents against the MRSA ATCC 43300, and the compounds with antimicrobial potential (<2000 μg ml–1) were tested for minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Based on this assay, compound 1 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity with MIC value of 250 μg ml–1. Meanwhile, compounds 2 and 13 showed the moderate activity with MIC values of 500 μg ml–1, respectively.
Broth microdilution
Minimum bactericidal concentration
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This study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of essential oil, its major component, 1,8-cineole, and extracts of two Eucalyptus species, Eucalyptus intertexta and Eucalyptus largiflorens. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was calculated by broth dilution method and the zone of inhibition was studied by agar disk diffusion method. Gentamicin (10 μg/disk) and rifampin (5 μg/disk) were used as reference controls for antibacterial studies and nystatin (100 μg/disk) for antifungal studies. The results of MIC study revealed that the essential oil has a stronger activity and broader spectrum than those of methanol extracts. It is interesting to point out that the oils had even greater potential of antimicrobial activities than those of 1,8-cineole as their main component.
Eucalyptus oil
Agar dilution
Agar diffusion test
Nystatin
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is a microorganism frequently associated with implant-related infections, owing to its ability to produce biofilms. These infections are difficult to treat because antimicrobials must cross the biofilm to effectively inhibit bacterial growth. Although some antibiotics can penetrate the biofilm and reduce the bacterial load, it is important to understand that the results of routine sensitivity tests are not always valid for interpreting the activity of different drugs. In this review, a broad discussion on the genes involved in biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and antimicrobial activity in monotherapy and combination therapy is presented that should benefit researchers engaged in optimizing the treatment of infections associated with
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Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of severe hospital-acquired infections, and biofilm formation is an important part of staphylococcal pathogenesis. Therefore, developing new antimicrobial agents against both planktonic cells and biofilm of S. aureus is a major challenge. Results: Three 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives exhibited antimicrobial activity against seven S. aureus strains in vitro, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4 to 32 μg/ml. At 4 × minimum inhibitory concentration, all compounds killed cells within 24 h, demonstrating bactericidal activity. In addition to their effects against planktonic cells, these compounds prevented biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, with inhibitory concentrations for biofilm formation ranging from 8 to 32 μg/ml. Interestingly, higher concentrations of these compounds were effective against mature biofilms and all compounds downregulated the transcription of the biofilm-related gene spa. Conclusion: We report three new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives that have bactericidal activity and could provide as alternatives to combat S. aureus.
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Bacterial cellulose (BC) shows good potentiality as active packaging material.However, bacterial cellulose itself has no antimicrobial activity to prevent microbial contamination.To achieve antimicrobial activity, ε-poly lysine (ε-PL) was incorporated into BC by immersing BC in ε-PL solution.Investigations into the effects of ε-PL concentrations and contact times on incorporation of ε-PL into cellulose membranes showed that the lowest ε-PL concentration and the shortest time for production of an effective antimicrobial cellulose membrane (ε-PL/BC) were 400 mg/l and 2 hours, respectively.The antimicrobial cellulose membrane was characterized by FTIR, XRD and AFM.It was found that ε-PL is incorporated into the BC network, and the antimicrobial cellulose membrane is not a simple mixture of BC and ε-PL.In this study ε-PL/BC membranes are demonstrated to have potential applicability as antimicrobial packaging films.
Bacterial Cellulose
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O óleo essencial obtido das folhas do Eucalyptus sp. foi avaliado quanto à atividade inibitória frente a diferentes cepas de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus, bem como verificado o possível efeito sinérgico da associação entre o óleo essencial e antibióticos. Para a avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa da atividade antibacteriana de óleos essenciais e antibióticos comerciais foram aplicados os métodos de difusão de disco e diluição em caldo, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o óleo essencial de Eucalyptus sp. apresentou maior potencial inibitório frente à cepa de S. aureus isolada de sururu (Mytella falcata). Não se verificou efeito sinérgico da associação dos antibióticos com o óleo essencial de Eucalyptus sp. sobre bactérias multirresistentes. O óleo essencial das folhas do Eucalyptus sp. apresentou potencial bacteriostático, podendo representar alternativa para a terapia à base de produtos naturais. Contudo, estudos mais detalhados sobre a toxicidade do eucalipto devem ser realizados.
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