A Comprehensive Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease with Potential Diagnostics and Therapeutic Options
Ali A. RabaanSeham Al-ShwaikhWadha AlfouzanAli Al-BaharMohammed GaroutMuhammad A. HalwaniHawra AlbayatNorah Talal AlmutairiMohammed AlsaeedJeehan H. AlestadMaha Al-MozainiTala AshgarSultan AlotaibiAbdulmonem A. AbuzaidYahya AldawoodAbdulmonem A. AlsalehHani Al-AfghaniJaffar AltowailebAbeer N. AlshukairiKovy Arteaga‐LiviasKirnpal Kaur Banga SinghMohd Imran
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Abstract:
The purpose of this review is to give an up-to-date, thorough, and timely overview of monkeypox (Mpox), a severe infectious viral disease. Furthermore, this review provides an up-to-date treatment option for Mpox. The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has remained the most virulent poxvirus for humans since the elimination of smallpox approximately 41 years ago, with distribution mainly in central and west Africa. Mpox in humans is a zoonotically transferred disease that results in symptoms like those of smallpox. It had spread throughout west and central Africa when it was first diagnosed in the Republic of Congo in 1970. Mpox has become a major threat to global health security, necessitating a quick response by virologists, veterinarians, public health professionals, doctors, and researchers to create high-efficiency diagnostic tests, vaccinations, antivirals, and other infection control techniques. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease’s global significance. A better understanding of Mpox’s dynamic epidemiology may be attained by increased surveillance and identification of cases.Keywords:
Monkeypox
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Monkeypox was first discovered in 1958 when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. The first human case of monkeypox was recorded in 1970. Since then, monkeypox has been reported in people in several other central and western African countries. Prior to the 2022 outbreak, nearly all monkeypox cases in people outside of Africa were linked to international travel to countries where the disease commonly occurs, or through imported animals.1 It’s not clear how the people were exposed to monkeypox, but early data suggest that gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men make up a high number of cases. However, anyone who has been in close contact with someone who has monkeypox is at risk. Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe. With the eradication of smallpox in 1980 and subsequent cessation of smallpox vaccination, monkeypox has emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus for public health. Monkeypox primarily occurs in central and west Africa, often in proximity to tropical rainforests, and has been increasingly appearing in urban areas. Animal hosts include a range of rodents and non-human primates.1
Monkeypox
Orthopoxvirus
Smallpox vaccine
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Laboratory tests have confirmed an outbreak of monkeypox virus in the United States. Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that is allied to smallpox but is less lethal. It occurs mostly in central and western …
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Orthopoxvirus
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Monkeypox infection is caused by a virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus, a member of the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox virus is transmitted from individual to individual through contact with lesions, body fluids, and respiratory droplets. The infection caused by monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease with mild symptoms lasting 2 to 4 weeks. Monkeypox typically presents with fever, rash, and enlarged lymph nodes. New vaccines have recently been authorized for the prevention of monkeypox infection, whereas there are no specific pharmacological antiviral treatments for monkeypox infection. However, because the viruses which cause adult smallpox and monkeypox are similar, antiviral drugs developed in the past have also shown efficacy against monkeypox. In this review, we highlight the in vitro and clinical evidence found in the literature on the efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity against monkeypox infection and the different regulatory aspects of countries.
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Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae
Cowpox
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Monkeypox has been discovered in most of the US, except a few states, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The states with the most occurrences are Florida, New York, California, Illinois, and Illinois. It was first observed in laboratory monkeys in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1958, and was later recognized as a distinct illness. Numerous animal species are thought to act as a natural reservoir for the virus. Monkeypox was first identified in colonies of captive monkeys after two outbreaks of a disease that resembled the pox. The cause of the illness, known as "monkeypox," is still unknown. However, the virus can infect humans if it is carried by nonhuman primates (such as monkeys) or African rodents. These monkeypox viruses could be diagnosed using a variety of general methods. As a result, the researchers analyzed the symptoms of the monkeypox virus, an outbreak of the disease in various nations, risk factors for monkeypox infection, and several methods for monkeypox virus identification. This article also looks at the development of monkeypox virus cases in the month and year of May 2022.
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Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease rarely found outside Africa. Monkeypox can be spread from person to person through close contact with an infected person, and the rate of transmission is not very high. In addition, monkeypox and variola virus are both pox viruses, and the spread of monkeypox virus was also controlled to some extent by the smallpox campaign, so monkeypox was not widely paid attention to. However, as smallpox vaccination is phased out in various countries or regions, people's resistance to orthopoxviruses is decreasing, especially among people who have not been vaccinated against smallpox. This has led to a significant increase in the frequency and geographical distribution of human monkeypox cases in recent years, and the monkeypox virus has become the orthopoxvirus that poses the greatest threat to public health. Since the last large-scale monkeypox infection was detected in 2022, the number of countries or territories affected has exceeded 100. Many confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox have been found in individuals who have not travelled to affected areas, and the route of infection is not obvious, making this outbreak of monkeypox a cause for concern globally. The purpose of this systematic review is to further understand the pathophysiological and epidemiological characteristics of monkeypox, as well as existing prevention and treatment methods, with a view to providing evidence for the control of monkeypox.
Monkeypox
Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae
Smallpox vaccine
Variola virus
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Since the first case of monkeypox was reported in the UK in early May 2022, by mid-July, more than 60 countries around the world had reported more than 10,000 confirmed cases of monkeypox, with deaths occurring in countries in non-endemic areas. Monkeypox is caused by monkeypox virus, the same orthopoxvirus as smallpox virus. It is necessary to review the history of the human fight against smallpox virus and to develop measures against monkeypox virus. The eradication of smallpox might make the public feel like the orthodox virus should not be a danger to humans anymore. However, the continually increasing number of confirmed monkeypox cases is telling us that people should always be aware of those potential threats. The clinical manifestations of monkeypox cases are mild, but there is still a lack of specific treatment options. Therefore, the essential information and basic diagnosis methods are gathered in this article for people to know about monkeypox and prepare well to combat and control the spreading of monkeypox.
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Laboratory tests have confirmed an outbreak of monkeypox in the United States. By 16 June nine cases had been confirmed and more than 80 were under investigation.
Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that is allied to smallpox but is less lethal and that occurs mostly in central and western Africa. It is called monkeypox because it was first found in 1958 in laboratory monkeys.
Early in June at least 20 cases from three midwestern states were reported to the federal Centers …
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