Biochemical and histopathological alterations in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) upon chronic exposure to a commonly used hopper insecticide, triflumezopyrim
Sipra NayakSamarendra DasRajesh KumarIpsita Iswari DasAman Kumar MohantyLakshman SahooM. GokulakrishnanJitendra Kumar Sundaray
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Malate dehydrogenase
Objective:To study the expresson of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in cornea after cautery with alkali and explore its effect on energy metabolism in rats.Method:The levels of LDH and MDH were detected by electrophoresis methods.The changes of energy metabolism were analyzed.Result:The percentage content of LDH and MDH changed obviously by scanning.In Early stage of cautery,thelevels of LDH 1,LDH 2,LDH 3 and LDH 4 decreased,that of LDH 5 increased,The level of LDH 5 recovered from 7 to 10 days later.Compared with controls,the level of MDH 3 showed significant difference.Conclusion:Influenced by inflammatory immunoreaction,the content of enzyme involved in energy metabolism in cornea changes,then the condition of energy metabolism changes after corneal alkali cautery.The anoxyglycolysis which increased with MDH 1,MDH 2 and LDH 5 providesenergy for cornea.
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Levels of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and their isoenzymes in tears of normal Chinese subjects and patients with ocular surface disorders were determined. The normal values of tear LDH and MDH were found to be 45.51 +/- 23.00-81.35 +/- 37.84 mumol.s-1/L and 11.00 +/- 5.33-19.50 +/- 9.17 mumol.s-1/L respectively, disregarding sex or eye distinction. The LDH/MDH ratio reflected sensitively the metabolism of corneal and conjunctival epithelium. The MDH isoenzymes comprised MDHs and MDHm, the former accounting for 80.0%-89.1%. The LDH isoenzymes comprised 5 varieties, of which the ratio H/M of subunit H to subunit M was 0.196 +/- 0.02. The changes in LDH isoenzymes were helpful to the differential diagnosis of external eye diseases, and the increase of MDHm reflected sensitively the degree of injury to the corneal epithelium.
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Malate and lactate dehydrogenase activities and the proportion of first main (DEAE cellulose adsorbed) lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme increased in the serum of male Wistar rats continuously irradiated on the open experimental field with gamma rays, 60 R daily and 1500 R total exposure. Compared with the age weight intact controls from laboratory conditions however, the activity of malate dehydrogenase and the proportion of lactate dehydrogenase first isoenzyme increased also in non-irradisted controls situated on the experimental field. Results draw sttention to the influence of changed milieu that cannot be differentiated from the continuous irradiation influence. (auth)
Malate dehydrogenase
Gamma Irradiation
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Malate dehydrogenase
NADH dehydrogenase
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Hypoxic conditions were formed at the expense of diminished 0; content consumed by mussels from a limited water volume during 24, 72, and 120 hours. Temperature was the same as that of seawater at the time of experimentation. Malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities (MDHA, LDHA) shifted in the foot tissues most clearly than in other organs compared. Decrease in MDHA is primarily a consequence of hypoxia, while LDHA responses to the temperature factor.
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Histopathological alterations are the changes arising in the tissues of the organisms after exposure to the certain pollutants. Histopathology has been widely used as biomarkers in the analysis of the health of fish exposed to pollutants. Thus they are recommended as useful biomarkers in eco-toxicological research, risk assessment and monitoring programs. The heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) are very toxic to animals which enter surface water from various sources. Fishes carry on in near contact with the water through their gills and thus liable to heavy metals exhausted from various sources. In this study, an effort has been made to assess the effect of heavy metal mixture on the gill tissues of Labeo rohita. The fresh water fish, labeo rohita were exposed to heavy metal mixture for short term exposure period (24, 48, 72 8#x38; 96 hours). After the stipulated period of exposure fishes were sacrificed and gills were isolated and used for histopathological studies. The important alterations in the tissues were noticed. Gill tissue found that degeneration of epithelial lining and fusion of primary lamellae.
Histopathology
Histopathological examination
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Malate dehydrogenase
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
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The cause of large scale mortality in fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) stocked in a nursery pond was investigated. Examination of gills of healthy looking fingerlings revealed heavy infestations of Dactylogyrus. Bacteriological studies showed presence of Aeromonas hydrophila, A.sobria, Vibrio Spp. and enterobacteriaceae in the internal organs of infected fingerlings. Dip treatment of fingerlings in formalin solution (50 ppm) controlled the mortality. Mortality ceased after one week of treatment . Examination of healthy fish at this stage showed absence of Dactylogyrus on the gills and bacteria in the internal organs. Presence of different types of bacteria in Dactylogyrus infected fish suggests that bacteria might have gained entry into the internal organs through damaged gills.
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A recent review (Stanley et al., 2005) suggested that differential protein expression in various tissues in early stages of heart failure (HF) may contribute to symptoms. The present study investigates two enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) to determine whether their activities show parallel changes in different tissues in control and end-stage HF dogs. LDH isozyme activities in skeletal muscle (SM), aorta (AO) and right atrium (HA) showed alterations in the banding pattern [on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)] in HF animals compared to controls. Overall, LDH activity in left ventricle (HV) was comparable in both control and HF animals, though there is one less isozyme band in the HF animal. In contrast, MDH isozyme activities in HF tissues (SM, AO, HA, HV) appear to be similar in band composition and intensities to control tissues. These differential effects may reflect a subtle interplay of metabolic activities in HF organs. The present study also implies that physiological changes in end-stage HF may be due to or be a consequence of metabolic alterations in a number of organs. This work has received partial support from a Pace Scholarly Research grant.
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