Structural Violence and Stress Experiences of Young Pregnant Black People
Mary Dawn KoenigNatasha CrooksTristesse BurtonYanqiao LiNefertiti OjiNjideka HemphillKatherine ErbeJulienne N. RutherfordKylea L. LiesePamela PearsonKarie StewartNicollette KesseeKaboni Whitney GondweLuecendia ReedLisa Tussing‐Humphreys
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Thematic Analysis
Part 1: Literature Review and Method. 1. Introduction and Overview of Literature. Part 2: What Does it Mean to Experience Domestic Violence. 2. Forms of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse. 3. Forms of Violence Witnessed by Children. Part 3: Impacts of Domestic Violence. 4. Effect of Domestic Violence on Children. 5. How Children Understand and Cope with Domestic Violence. Part 4: Agency Responses to Domestic Violence. 6. Social Services' Responses to Domestic Violence. 7. Police Responses to Domestic Violence. 8. Schools' Responses to Domestic Violence. 9. Health Professionals' Responses to Domestic Violence. 10. Refuges and Counselling Services. 11. Legal Remedies? Part 5: Overcoming the Obstacles. 12. Barriers to Seeking or Utilising Help. 13. Conclusion. 14. Recommendations. Appendix. Useful Contacts. References. Index.
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This chapter contains section titled: A person's response to crisis The biological response to stressors Coping abilities as buffers against stressors Cognitive and emotional responses as buffers against stressors Social support as a buffer against stressors Positive attitude as a buffer against stressors Individual differences as buffers against stressors The person's behavioural response to crisis Help seeking Behaviour-Contact with the caring services Stressor resolved Stressor Unresolved-Crisis Summary
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Social Stress
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Cycle of violence
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Abstract According to the Person × Situation theoretical framework, people adjust their coping to address the unique challenges of encountered stressors. Whether their strategies fit or appropriately address these stressor challenges influences adjustment. We examined the fit between pre-treatment stressors reported by hematological cancer patients awaiting allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT) and their coping responses. Stressors were categorized as controllable versus uncontrollable; coping responses were categorized as problem- versus emotion-focused versus mixed (i.e., elements of both coping types). We hypothesized that patients would employ coping responses that fit the controllability of stressors (i.e., a match between stressor and coping response): problem-focused coping for controllable stressors and emotion-focused coping for uncontrollable stressors. In qualitative interviews, pre-BMT patients (10 men, 7 women) described encountered stressors and how they coped with them. Every reported stressor was linked with its associated coping response, resulting in a stressor–coping pair. We determined the proportion of total stressor–coping pairs in which the coping response matched the controllability of its linked stressor. Most stressor–coping pairs involving uncontrollable stressors showed the hypothesized match with emotion-focused or mixed coping. Contrary to hypotheses, fewer stressor–coping pairs that involved controllable stressors matched with problem-focused or mixed coping. Rather, these pairs were more likely to link controllable stressors with emotion-focused coping (i.e., mismatch between stressor controllability and type of coping). AlloBMT candidates may appraise the pre-treatment stage, globally, as permitting very little control. Coping efforts may consequently emphasize regulation of negative emotions (i.e., emotion-focused coping).
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Bone marrow transplant
Avoidance coping
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Many studies of daily life have framed stressors as unpredictable disruptions. We tested age differences in whether individuals forecast upcoming stressors, whether individuals show anticipatory stress responses prior to stressors, and whether having previously forecasted any stressors moderates stressor exposure on negative affect. Adults (n = 237; age 25–65) completed surveys five times daily for 14 days on current negative affect, stressor exposure, and stressor forecasts. Older age was associated with slightly greater likelihood of reported stressors but unrelated to forecasted stressors. Following forecasted stressors, individuals were four times more likely to report a stressor had occurred; age did not moderate this effect. Even prior to stressors, current negative affect was significantly higher when individuals forecasted stressors compared to when no stressors were forecast. No support was found for forecasts buffering effects of stressors on negative affect and age did not moderate this interaction. Instead, the effects were additive. In an age-heterogeneous sample, individuals showed early and persistent affective responses in advance of stressors. Anticipatory stress responses may be a mechanism for chronic stress.
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The goodness of fit among the appraised changeability of a stressor, coping, and depression in people with psychiatric, physical health, work, and family problems was examined (N = 746). It was expected that problem-focused coping (as opposed to emotion-focused coping) would be used more and be more adaptive in situations appraised as changeable as compared with situations appraised as not changeable. Although few relationships existed between appraisal and coping, tests of fit between coping and depressed mood (maladaption) were much stronger. In people with nonpsychiatric conditions, problem-focused coping and depressed mood were negatively related when a stressor was appraised as changeable but were unrelated when a stressor was appraised as not changeable. Emotion-focused coping was positively related to depression when a stressor was appraised as changeable. No general relations were observed in the people with psychiatric conditions.
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Coping behavior
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This longitudinal study examines the situational specificity of coping strategies for 3943 male employees of the research and development division of an industrial company. The Job Stress Scale-Revised version (JSS-R) was administered twice to the same subjects 40 months apart to assess chronic job stressors (qualitative and quantitative) and coping strategies (problem-solving, support-seeking, and problem-leaving). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine changes in coping strategies corresponding to changes in chronic job stressors. The results suggest a situational specificity of coping strategies. (a) With decreasing qualitative stressors, “problem-solving” coping increases and “problem-leaving” coping decreases. (b) With increasing qualitative stressors, “problem-leaving” coping increases and “problem-solving” coping decreases. (c) With increasing quantitative stressors, “support-seeking” coping increases. (d) With decreasing quantitative stressors, “problem-leaving” coping decreases. (e) There is no variance in “problem-leaving” coping attributable to the change in the quantitative stressors when the qualitative stressors decrease or increase. “Problem-leaving” coping is more strongly related to qualitative than quantitative stressors.
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Situational ethics
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The students of City Institute of Dalian University of Technology are sampled by using Psychological Crisis Stressors and Coping Style scales.The independent college students′psychological crisis stressors and coping style under every factor influence are analyzed,and correlation analysis is made on psychological crisis stressors and coping style.Some valuable suggestions are proposed for independent college students′psychological crisis stressors and coping style.
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1. Domestic Violence - A Healthcare Issue 2. The Impact of Domestic Abuse on Health 3. Abuse in Other Intimate Relationships 4. The Response of the Health Professionals to Domestic Violence 5. A Critique of Existing Healthcare Provision 6. Domestic Violence in a Variety of Clinical Settings 7. Domestic Violence and Children 8. Domestic Violence and the Legal System 9. Multi-Agency Approach to Domestic Violence 10. Existing Challenges and Future Opportunities 11. Making a Difference - The Way Forward
Health Professionals
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