Introducing micropores into carbon nanoparticles synthesized via a solution plasma process by thermal treatment and their charge storage properties in supercapacitors
Myo Myo ThuNattapat ChaiammartOratai JongprateepRatchatee TechapiesancharoenkijAye Aye ThantNagahiro SaitoGasidit Panomsuwan
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Carbon materials synthesizedKeywords:
Thermal Treatment
Carbon fibers
Amorphous carbon
Thermal Stability
Carbide-derived carbon
Carbon allotropes can be classified according to the carbon atom hybridization. In principle, there are different ways, based on various parameters, such as range dimensionality, type of chemical bonds, etc. which can be used to classify carbon nanostructures. Classifications vary function of the field of nanostructure applications. In a point of view, one can classify the carbon allotropes by the type of carbon atom hybridation. This chapter is a brief review introduction to some major allotropes: graphene/graphite, carbon nanotubes, diamond and amorphous carbon. In addition, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) techniques, frequently used for synthesizing these structures are discussed. The influence of some important experimental parameters on the growth of high quality diamond and diamond-like carbon DLC are also investigated.
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There has been tremendous development in the science of carbon in past years. First came the development of the chemical vapor deposition of diamond, followed by the discovery of a new class of molecules - the fullerenes. Carbon nanotubes were discovered and techniques were developed to deposit new phases of amorphous carbon containing mainly sp3 bonding. This book brings together scientists and engineers from all areas of carbon research, both sp2 and sp3 bonded, from the fully amorphous to nanostructured carbon, to the highly ordered nanotubes. It covers a range of subjects including the synthesis and properties of nanotubes, as well as diamond-like carbon deposition and properties. Applications range from nanotubes for hydrogen storage, to electrochemical double-layer capacitors (supercapacitors), field emission displays, hard coatings, and carbon coatings for magnetic storage technology. The book deals with the growth, characterization, properties and applications of nanotubes and field emission from all varieties of carbon, amorphous and diamond-like carbon- growth, properties and applications. It also contains papers on diamond, silicon carbide, carbon nitride and beryllium films.
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Formation of diamond from amorphous carbon was studied under static high pressure (10-18GPa) and high temperature (1120-2000°C) without any planned addition of catalysts. Diamond was formed upon heating amorphous carbon at fixed pressures higher than 10GPa, but was not formed below 8GPa. The formation of diamond occurred via crystallization of amorphous carbon into graphite. The graphitization was not, however, completed prior to the diamond formation. The temperature of diamond formation from amorphous carbon was markedly lower than those from glassy carbon or spectroscopic graphite, being strongly dependent on the temperature for preparing amorphous carbon. The results were interpreted from the two-species model of amorphous carbon.
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Nanodiamond
Amorphous carbon
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Pyrolytic carbon
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Today, many researchers have an interest in the development and introduction of new types of carbon-based materials. Dispersion metal-carbon materials got by thermo-catalytic decomposition of carbon monoxide, occupy a special place among the carbon materials. Contaminated materials with the catalyst particles, the amorphous carbon and graphitized carbon particles are received by methods of metal-carbon.The main aim of the research is to develop the technological scheme for production purified metal-carbon materials (MCM) by carbon monoxide thermo-catalytic decomposition.First, Fe2O3 particles were reduced to iron at the temperature of 1173 K. Amorphous carbon became reducer. It was established that a reduced metal from Fe2O3 was 18.7%. The experimental process of iron pentacarbonyl formation was performed at a temperature of 463 K and with a pressure of 16 MPa. Total Fe(CO)5 was 36 % by weight metal-carbon materials. Iron pentacarbonyl recovered from metal-carbon materials by temperature-vacuum processing.The oxidation of the amorphous carbon was carried out at a temperature of 843 K and the CO2 concentration of 62×10-4 kg /m3. The purified metal-carbon materials were used as filler of polyurethane marks Eracast RT - 70A on the base of isocyanate and polyol.It was established that metal-carbon materials content within 2 % increases the ultimate tensile strength almost twice and reduces limit narrowing of 14 %.Proposed and tested scheme allows you to receive MCM physicochemical methods with enough good cleaning MCM of catalyst particles and amorphous carbon.
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Abstract To clarify the physical and tribological properties of pure amorphous carbon films, nanoindentation and scanning-scratched wear tests were conducted on pure amorphous carbon films, diamond and graphite, by using an atomic force microscope with a diamond tip. Two types of pure amorphous carbon films (amorphous carbon 1 and amorphous carbon 2) were deposited on silicon substrates. To evaluate the tribological characteristics of the surface layers of the films, the thickness of the films was set at about 50nm to eliminate the substrate effect. Deposition was performed by electron cyclotron resonance plasma sputtering. The internal stress of amorphous carbon film was compressive and it was about 0·4 GPa for the amorphous carbon films and 1·4 GPa for the amorphous carbon 2 films. Raman spectra of the amorphous carbon films showed an amorphous graphite-like structure. Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary-ion mass spectroscopy and Rutherford back-scattering spectroscopy showed that the deposited films contained argon and several atomic percentage of hydrogen. Nanoindentation tests showed that the order of hardness was diamond > amorphous carbon 2 > amorphous carbon 1 ≫ graphite. The ratio of the residual indentation depth at 20 μN was about 1:3:6 for amorphous carbon 2: amorphous carbon 1: graphite (the residual indentation depth of diamond was zero). Scanning-scratched wear tests (2 cycles) showed that the wear of diamond and amorphous carbon 2 was shallow and that of amorphous carbon 1 was several times deeper than that of amorphous carbon 2. The order of wear resistance was diamond > amorphous carbon 2 > amorphous carbon 1 ≫ graphite. The ratio of the wear depth at 40–80 μN loads was about 1:2:5 for diamond: amorphous carbon 2:amorphous carbon 1. The wear of graphite was extremely deep. Scanning-scratched wear tests (repeated cycles) showed that amorphous carbon 2 was more wear resistant than amorphous carbon 1. The wear depth of amorphous carbon 1 at a load over 5μN increased as the number of scanning-scratch cycles increased, but the wear at 1μN remained very shallow within 50 cycles. On the other hand, the wear of amorphous carbon 2 at loads below 10 μN remained very shallow within 50 cycles, but the wear depth at 20μN increased with increasing number of cycles. There was an explicit correlation between the indentation hardness and the wear resistance for the amorphous carbon films. Furthemore, we presume that hard and wear-resistant characteristics of the amorphous carbon films resulted from randomly assembled graphite cluster structures.
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Amorphous carbon
Nanodiamond
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Carbon fibers
Carbide-derived carbon
Amorphous carbon
Reinforced carbon–carbon
Adipic acid
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