Plant-Based Additivities Improved the Growth Performance and Immune Response, and Mitigated the Inflammatory Signalling in Channel Catfish Fed a High-Fat Diet
Hesham Eed DesoukyGuang‐Zhen JiangKenneth Prudence AbasubongYong‐Jun DaiXiangyang YuanJean‐Jacques Yao AdjoumaniWen-Bin Liu
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This study was conducted to understand the effects of glycyrrhetinic acid, berberine, and resveratrol on growth and inflammatory signalling in channel catfish fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Fish (average weight, 20 ± 0.15 g) were distributed randomly in 15 tanks (11 fish per tank). Fish were allocated randomly to five experimental diets: (control diet (ND); high-fat diet (HFD); high-fat diet + 0.3 mg/kg glycyrrhetinic acid (HFD + GA); high-fat diet + 50 mg/kg berberine (HFD + B); and high-fat diet + 400 mg/kg resveratrol (HFD + R). Each diet was tested in triplicates for eight weeks. The final body weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and condition factor (CF) were significantly lower in fish fed HFD. In contrast, opposite trends were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), visceralsomatic index (VSI), and mesenteric fat index (MFI). Fish fed HFD showed a higher trend ( ) in plasma glucose, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while opposite trends were found in total protein (TP) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). These parameters were all enhanced by feeding the additive-supplemented diets. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), plasma lysozyme (LYM), myeloperoxidase (MPO), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP) activities, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were all lower in fish fed HFD as compared to the control group. However, supplementing GA, berberine, and resveratrol restored these parameters to similar levels to the control group. Upregulated gene expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1ß), nitric oxide (NOS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), X box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s), coupled with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), was observed in fish fed HFD, whereas reverse trends were observed in the additive-supplemented groups as compared to the control group. Overall, glycyrrhetinic acid, berberine, and resveratrol could reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation and enhance the immune response in channel catfish fed HFD.Keywords:
High-density lipoprotein
The present investigation entitled “Studies on growth performance of Cyprinus carpio var. Communis fed with Bacillus clausii supplemented diets” was carried out at Faculty of Fisheries, Ganderbal over a period of 60 days from April 1st to June Ist, 2019. The fingerlings were fed with dry diets containing three concentrations of probiotic viz., (T1: 1%, T2: 1.5%, T3: 2%) and control group (T0: containing no probiotic). The growth parameters including per cent weight gain, Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were measured at the end of the experiment. The results showed that the probiotic incorporated diets had significant impact on growth than control group (P<0.05). The highest values of treatment T2 with 2 per cent probiotic showed the highest percent weight gain (74.62%), specific growth rate (0.40), feed efficiency ratio (0.90), protein efficiency ratio (1.82) were observed in treatments with 2% concentration of probiotic where as, feed conversion ratio(1.09) was lower in groups received probiotic through diets than control.
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The research was performed to examine the efficacy of Zingiber officinale L. as feed additives on growth performance and biochemical parameters in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Used (80) fish and divided into 4 groups 10 fish per aquaria, two replicates were maintained for each treatment. Ginger powder mixed directly with basal diet of fish. It was incorporated in the four diets treatments. The control group diet had no ginger additive (C), while the three supplemented diets contained ginger at 1% (T1), 1.5 (T2) and 2 % (T3). After 35 days’ growth was calculated as weight gain, daily weight gain, relative growth ratio, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency percent and protein efficiency ratio with evaluate total proteins, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and triglycerides. The results of present study were weight gain of T2 and T3 groups showed significant difference comparison with the C. Daily weight gain showed significant difference between C, T2 and T3. Relative growth rate there were no significant difference between C and T1 but there was significant difference between T2 and T3. Feed conversion ratio showed no significant difference between control group and T1. Feed efficiency ratio there were no significant difference between T1, T2 and C. Protein efficiency ratio results showed that decrease in T3 and T2 compared to the C. The results of total protein, albumin, and triglycerides did not show any significant difference between treatments compared with the C. Globulin showed increase in T3 compare to C. While the cholesterol showed significant difference in T3 compare with C, T1 and T2. The results of present study propose that ginger feed additives at the concentration 2% for 35 days can be improvement growth and some serum biochemical parameters.
Zingiber officinale
Common carp
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Abstract A 391-d feeding trial was conducted with caged juvenile (mean weight = 36.2 g, SD = 8.04 g) sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) to evaluate growth, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, body composition, and fillet composition resulting from diets with decreasing levels of fish meal (FM; 30, 20, 10, and 0%) and increasing levels of turkey meal (TM; 0.0, 9.7, 17.5, and 26.4%). We stocked 100 randomly selected fish into each of 12 floating cages (3.5 m3). Twice daily, fish were fed all they could consume in 30 min. Four practical diets were formulated to contain 40% protein and to be isoenergetic. After 391 d, significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were found in growth; fish fed the control diet (30% FM, 0% TM) had higher individual final weight, percent weight gain, and specific growth rate than fish fed 10.0% FM and 17.5% TM. However, differences for those variables were not apparent between the control group and fish fed the 20% FM and 9.7% TM diet or the 0% FM and 26.4% TM diet. Diet composition did not significantly alter amount of diet fed, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, percent survival, fillet yield, or hepatosomatic index among treatments. Results indicate that sunshine bass grown in cages for 391 d can be fed a diet containing 0% FM and 26.4% TM without adverse effects on growth, feed conversion ratio, and body composition; more diverse diet formulations for sunshine bass and reduced usage of menhaden fish meal are therefore possible.
Menhaden
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A 60 day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of varying levels of protein/energy (P/E) ratio and highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) supplemented diet on growth and flesh quality parameters of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings. One hundred and eighty fingerlings of uniform weight (4.32±0.08g) were randomly distributed into five treatment groups with three replications. The five different treatment groups were: Control - T0H0 (basal feed+117 mg/kcal, P/E ratio); T1H0 (basal feed +100 mg/kcal, P/E ratio); T2H0 (basal feed +133 mg/kcal, P/E ratio); T3H1 (basal feed +100 mg/kcal, P/E ratio+1% HUFA) and T4H1 (basal feed + 133 mg/kcal, P/E ratio+1% HUFA). Significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain (WG) %, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were observed in the T4H1 and T2H0 groups. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were lowest in the T4H1 group. T3H1 and T4H1 groups manifested significantly higher (P<0.05) value for flesh quality indices such as springiness, adhesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. Lowest hardness value was found in T4H1 group. Significantly higher (P<0.05) EPA and DHA deposition in fish muscle was observed in T4H1 group. Protease activity was higher in T4H1 group followed by T2H0 group and lowest in T1H0 group. Amylase activity was lower in T2H0 and T4H1 groups. Overall results revealed that P/E ratio of 133 mg/kcal with additional supplementation of 1% HUFA in the diet enhances growth and improves flesh quality of P. hypophthalmus fingerlings
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Chewiness
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A 70 day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the utilization of all plant- protein diets supplemented with L-lysine and L-methionine by Hybrid catfish (Hetero-clarias) juveniles. At the start of the experiment, fifteen (15) glass aquaria tanks (70 cm × 45 cm × 40 cm)/each, filled with borehole water up to 70 L of its capacity were stocked with one hundred (150) Hetero-clarias juveniles (Av. Wt. 16.49 ± 0.02 g)/one at 30 fish per treatment in three replicates in a complete randomized design. Five diets (D1-D5) isonitrogenous (40% Crude Protein) and isocaloric (12.1kcal/kg) were formulated. Except the control (D1), varying levels of Corn Gluten Meal (CGM) of 60% crude protein (CP) as main plant protein source were added to other plant protein materials such as Soya bean meal and Groundnut cake to formulate diets (D2-D5). Fish were fed at 5% body weight twice daily (8.00 and 10:00) for 10 weeks. Water quality parameters were monitored daily. Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Utilization (NPU) were determined. Proximate and mineral composition of the diets and fish were determined using AOAC methods. Fish fed D1 (control) significantly (P˂0.05) had the best growth performance in terms of final mean weight gain (44.54 ± 0.02)g; Specific Growth Rate (1.86 ± 0.06) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (1.11 ± 0.04). The mean value for Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was significantly (P˂0.05) highest (1.4 ± 0.04) in fish fed. Least mean value (8.00 ± 0.03) for Net Protein Utilization (NPU) was also recorded in fish fed D5. Fish fed D2 with minimal plant materials exhibited feed utilization close to D1 (100%FM) as reflected in the growth performance. Fish growth was significantly impaired from (D3-D5) despite supplementation with amino acids, suggesting that inclusion of all-plant protein materials in the diets of Hetero-clarias at this stage of growth should not be encouraged.
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Protein quality
Plant protein
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Growth, feed conversion, and nutrient retention efficiencies of African catfish fingerling, Clarias gariepinus (5.22 ± .07 cm; 8.22 ± 0.03 g), fed diets with varying levels of protein were assessed by feeding seven casein/gelatin based isocaloric (17.62 kJ/g GE) experimental diets with graded levels of dietary protein (20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% of the diet) to triplicate groups of fish to apparent satiation for eight weeks. Effects of feeding these diets on live weight gain (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein retention efficiency (PRE%), and energy retention efficiency (ERE%) were assessed. Maximum LWG% (867%), PER (2.01), highest PRE (32%), ERE (69%), best FCR (1.39), and maximum body protein were recorded in fish fed diet containing 35% protein. On the basis of the second-degree polynomial regression analysis of the above response variables, it is recommended that the inclusion of protein in the range of 34.4%–39.6% is optimum for maximizing growth potential, feed conversion, and nutrient retention in African catfish fingerling, Clarias gariepinus.
Clarias gariepinus
Net protein utilization
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This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of juvenile Erythroculter ilishaeformis. Five hundred and forty juvenile Erythroculter ilishaeformis with average initial body weight of (19.36 ±2. 17) g were randomly divided into 6 groups (group Ⅰ～Ⅳ) with 3 replicates of 30 fish in each replicate. Six groups were fed diets with 0, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% fish oil, respectively. EE levels of 6 diets were 2. 07% , 4. 28% , 7. 14% , 9. 26% , 11. 17% and 15. 32% , respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 days. The results showed that, weight gain ratio and specific growth ratio in group Ⅲ were significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ , Ⅱ , Ⅴ and Ⅵ (P0. 05); feed conversion ratio in group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in groups Ⅰ , Ⅱ , Ⅴ and Ⅵ (P 0.05); the protein efficiency ratio in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ , Ⅱ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ (P0. 05). There was no significant difference between groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ in weight gain ratio, specific growth ratio, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. The whole body lipid and protein contents were significantly affected by the dietary lipid supplementation levels (P0. 05), while there were no significant effects on body moisture and ash content (P0. 05). Based on regression analysis of the specific growth ratio, feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency and the crude protein content of body composition, the optimal dietary supplementation levels of lipid were 7. 88% , 8. 12% , 9. 18% and 5. 68% , respectively. It was concluded that the suitable dietary lipid level for the Erythroculter ilishaeformis should be 7. 88% ～ 9. 18% .
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The high consumer demand in Indonesia encourages catfish farmers to conduct an intensive culture. A low feed efficiency mainly occurs in cultivating Sangkuriang catfish resulting in poor growth. This condition might be caused by low lysine content, as lysine is an essential amino acid that the fish cannot synthesize. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lysine supplementation in feed on protein digestibility, feed efficiency, and growth of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) fingerlings. The study used 270 Sangkuriang catfish with an average wet weight of 7.54 ± 0.13 g/fish. The experimental feed contained protein, energy, and amino acid, and then various doses of lysine were added to the experimental feed: (1) 0.0%, (2) 0.5%, (3) 1.0%, (4) 1.5%, (5) 2.0%, and (6) 2.5%. Weight gain (WG), protein digestibility (ADCp), the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) of catfish were evaluated for 8 weeks. The results found that the supplementation of lysine in feed significantly (P < 0.05) influenced WG, ADCp, EFU, RGR, FCR, PER, and PR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. However, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the SR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. The supplementation of 1% lysine/kg feed was the optimal dose to improve the feed efficiency and growth of Sangkuriang catfish fingerlings by 83.79% and 3.94%/day, respectively. Therefore, the supplementation of lysine could increase Sangkuriang catfish production.
Clarias gariepinus
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