A critical review of inorganic cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium ion batteries
Meiyu ShiTianlin LiShang HanDewen ZhangHuayan QiTianlong HuangZelin XieJiqiu QiFuxiang WeiQingkun MengBin XiaoQing YinYong‐Zhi LiDanyang ZhaoXiaolan XueYanwei Sui
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A semitransparent cathode is proposed for an efficient operation of the relativistic magnetron (RM) with axial extraction. The semitransparent cathode is a kind of shaped cathode. It is achieved using a cylindrical cathode with longitudinal strips removed. The cross section of each removed strip is fan-shaped and all the emit strips are connected in the central area of the cathode. Results of the 3-D particle-in-cell simulations show that the using a semitransparent cathode yields similar performance benefits compared with that using the transparent cathode proposed by the University of New Mexico. Simulation results also show that output characteristics of the RM using the semitransparent cathode are insensitive to the depth and width of each cathode slot. Thus, the semitransparent cathode might be more robust for practical applications.
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Ni-rich layer oxides Li[Ni x Co y Mn 1− x − y ]O 2 ( x ≥ 0.8, NCMs) are promising advanced cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batteries because of their high specific capacity (≥ 200 mAh g −1 ) with an average discharge voltage of 3.8 V vs Li + /Li, as compared to the commercialized cathode materials (e.g. LiCoO 2 , LiFePO 4 ). 1 However, the instability of cathode–electrolyte interface causes the structural degradation of cathode active material and the electrolyte consumption, as well as gas evolution due to oxidative decomposition of electrolyte, resulting in a rapid capacity fading. 2 Thus, improvement in the stability of cathode–electrolyte interphase is a key requirement to inhibit their structural degradation and enhance their electrochemical properties. The formation of a protective surface film via electrolyte additives is considered a cost-effective and reliable way to improve the cathode–electrolyte interfacial stability, as the stable surface film, uniformly distributed over the entire cathode surface, would prevent direct contact of oxide with the electrolyte, still allowing Li + transport between the cathode and electrolyte. 3 In this work, we report the high-performance NCM cathode through interfacial stabilization using a novel electrolyte additive. The details of surface film stability and formation mechanism, and their relation to gas evolution as well as cycling performance would be discussed. References: 1 S.-T. Myung, F. Maglia, K.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon, P. Lamp, S.-J. Kim, Y.-K. Sun, ACS Energy Lett. 2017 , 2, 196 2 H. Q. Pham, E.-H. Hwang, Y.-G. Kwon, S.-W. Song, Chem. Commun., 2019 , 55, 1256 3 K. Kim, Y. Kim, S. Parka, H. J. Yang, S. J. Park, K. Shin, J.-Je Woo, S. Kim, S. Y. Hong, N.-S. Choi, J. Power Sources 2018 , 396, 276.
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The performance of the Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cells cycled to 5.0 V (vs. Li/Li+) using 1.0 M LiPF6-EC/DMC (1/1, v/v) with and without dimethoxydiphenylsilane (DDS) at 25°C has been investigated. Cells with 1% DDS added deliver slightly lower initial discharge capacity than the cells with baseline electrolyte, 115.3 vs. 120.9 mAh g−1. Electrochemical methods and ex-situ analytical techniques, including TGA and SEM, are employed to conduct the interfacial chemistry of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/electrolyte to better understand the improved electrochemical performances of the cells with introduction of DDS. The results indicate that DDS can be electro-oxidized and participates in the formation of the surface layer on cathode electrode, which prevents electrolyte from further decomposition and promotes Li+ conduction of the cathode/electrolyte interphase, thus improves the electrochemical performances of Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cells.
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In a dispenser cathode the surface is composed of many small regions having different and individual values of work functions called "patches". The non-uniform emission results in a gradual transition from space-charge (SC) region to temperature limited (TL) region. The emission of a planar cathode is modeled using a 'top-hat' model. In practice, the convergent guns are incorporated with a spherical cathode. The above model is applied to a spherical cathode-anode system. This model can also be extended to a gun geometry provided that the field distribution across the cathode cross section is uniform. In this paper the performance of three types of cathode, viz. B-Type, Alloy-coated, and Scandate cathodes are studied. In the present model the real cathode is replaced by a fictitious cathode, having a maximum current density at θ = 0° and a minimum at the rim. The analysis shows that there exists an analogy between a planar cathode and a spherical cathode, enabling the emission current to be modeled in a manner similar to a planar cathode.
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In the pursuit of ever more energy-dense and longer lasting Li-ion batteries, the electrolyte is still an area of intense research. A good choice of electrolyte can make or break the long-term performance of a cell. This paper highlights various advances in electrolyte development and evaluation that have been made in the last several years. Blends of electrolyte additives that give superior capacity retention over several thousand cycles, as well as new formulations of electrolyte solvents to achieve higher charging rates and higher voltage operation are presented. The Advanced Electrolyte Model, a theoretical model for the calculation of electrolyte properties, is presented as an effective way to determine the transport properties of a diverse array of electrolyte systems thus speeding electrolyte development.
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Hollow cathode discharge and micro-hollow cathode discharge have numerous applications in the fields of industry, medical treatment, environmental protection, and analytical chemistry. However, many of them lack the typical features of hollow cathode mode, especially the applications at atmospheric pressure. In order to investigate the underlying basic science of hollow cathode discharge, the hollow cathode discharge in argon was studied by experiments. The range for the operation of the hollow cathode mode in the argon–aluminum device was quantitatively determined to be from 0.8 to 4 Torr cm, no matter how small the cathode cavity is. The atmospheric pressure operation of the hollow cathode mode was realised with the aluminum cathode of a 50 μm cavity. The hollow cathode discharges were consistent with Townsend similarity law when the anode was very close to the cathode and the value of p·D was chosen at the lower limit of the range for hollow cathode mode. In contrast, if the anode was moved a little bit far from the cathode and the value of p D was significantly increased, the results followed Allis–White scaling law. The reason for the deviation of Allis–White scaling law from Townsend similarity law was given.
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