A REVIEW ON ANTIVIRAL PLANTS EFFECTIVE AGAINST DIFFERENT VIRUS TYPES
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Abstract:
The treatment of microbial infections has proven challenging for humans in recent years. Synthetic medications, such as antimicrobial agents, are used for treating these infections. Antimicrobials derived from natural sources have gained popularity as an alternative to manufactured medications due to their lack of adverse effects. Plants, which play a significant role in this setting, have historically served as a reliable natural defence against several pathogens. In this study, studies on plants used against viral diseases are mentioned. Studies on viruses that cause disease have been compiled in the literature. According to the findings, it has been reported in the literature that many different plant species are effective against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, HSV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus (A, B) and parainfluenza, Poliovirus, Astrovirus, Parvovirus, Sindbis virus (SINV), Feline calicivirus (FCV), Rhinovirus, Echovirus, Rotavirus, Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Reovirus, Vaccinia virus (VACV), Cardiovirus A (Encephalomyocarditis virus; EMCV), Coxsackie virus, Semliki forest, Measles virus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Coronavirus, Adenovirus (ADV-3, ADV-5, ADV-8, ADV -11), Canine distemper virus (CDV), Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), Hepatitis A, B, C virus and Enterovirus. To combat viruses, plants can be considered a potentially invaluable natural resource.Keywords:
Veterinary virology
Sindbis virus
Sindbis virus was adsorbed to chicken cells or to BHK cells, and the distribution of virus over the surface of the cell was examined by electron microscopy of surface replicas. The distribution of virus particles on the cell was used to indicate the position of virus receptors at the cell surface. When purified Sindbis virus was adsorbed at 37 C to cells prefixed with glutaraldehyde, the virus particles were evenly distributed over the surface of most cells. There was a large variability from cell to cell, however, in the number of virus particles adsorbed, and regions with different concentrations of virus particles were sometimes observed on the same cell. The concentration of virus receptors observed varied from 20 to 160/mum(2) of cell surface, and, thus, the total number of virus receptors per chicken cell is on the order of 10(5). When virus was adsorbed to unfixed cells at 4 C, the virus particles were clustered into aggregates varying from a few particles to large crystalline arrays (the latter seen only in chicken cells). These conditions are apparently conducive to virus aggregation, and this, coupled with free lateral diffusion of the virus-receptor complex in the cell membrane at 4 C, leads to the observed clustering.
Sindbis virus
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Veterinary virology
Pandemic
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Veterinary virology
Porcine parvovirus
Infectivity
Classical swine fever
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Sindbis virus
Viremia
Alphavirus infection
Blood stream
Mononuclear phagocyte system
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ABSTRACT HeLa cells were caused to degenerate by infection with the standard measles virus, while those infected with the virus released from the HeLa/MV culture (carried virus) readily established a carrier state. The carried virus had a longer latent period and a lower growth rate in both HeLa and Vero cell cultures as compared with the standard virus. Plaques by the carried virus on Vero cell cultures were delayed in appearance as compared with those by the standard virus. However, when the carried virus was passed once through Vero cells, the virus became able to form plaques as readily as the standard virus. Also the passed virus was found to have lost the ability to establish a carrier state. These results may suggest the possibility of a host‐controlled variation, though the mechanism of establishment of the HeLa/MV culture which harbors such a variant remains obscure.
Vero cell
HeLa
Viral culture
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The stability of some viruses and methods of virus inactivation in liquid manure are reviewed.The authors discuss experimental data on the stability of foot and mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, Aujeszky's disease virus, African swine fever virus, swine influenza virus, porcine paramyxovirus, bovine virus diarrhoea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs virus.Recommendations and practical advice are given for the choice and application of chemical disinfectants for slurry.
Veterinary virology
Classical swine fever
Pseudorabies
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Veterinary virology
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Hamster embryo fibroblasts persistently infected with a derivative of the Schwarz vaccine strain of measles virus spontaneously released virus particles with an average buoyant density considerably lower than that of the parental virus. The released virus contained all of the measles virus structural proteins and interfered with replication of standard virus. All of the virus structural proteins were associated with a membrane-free cytoplasmic extract from the persistently infected cells. Membrane-free cytoplasmic extracts prepared from Vero cells lytically infected with Schwarz strain measles contained little or no virus envelope structural protein. Maintenance of persistent infection may involve both the presence of virus variants and a defect in the ability of the infected cell to replicate the virus efficiently.
Vero cell
Morbillivirus
Viral culture
Togaviridae
VP40
Mononegavirales
Infectivity
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ABSTRACT A large epizootic of an acute respiratory disease of cattle occurred in Japan during the months from October 1968 to May 1969. A virus was recovered in primary cultures of calf kidney and testicle cells from nasal swabs of affected cattle. Neutralization tests revealed the virus to be closely related to the Long strain of human respiratory syncytial virus. The virus induced cytopathic changes including the formation of syncytia and acidophilic‐cytoplasmic inclusions in calf kidney and testicle cell cultures. A calf inoculated with the virus by the respiratory route developed an illness resembling the natural disease. Most cattle clinically diagnosed as having the disease showed significant rises of neutralizing antibody titer for the isolated virus, whereas none or only small fractions of those animals showed serological evidence for recent infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Ibaraki virus, bovine diarrhea virus, bovine adenovirus Type 7 and parainfluenza virus Type 3. Neutralization tests on paired sera revealed a wide dissemination of the isolated virus among cattle in many areas of the country during the epizootic. All these findings leave no doubt that the epizootic was caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus. This is the first study that ever shows the presence of infection of cattle with this virus in Japan.
Epizootic
Veterinary virology
Syncytium
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Viral culture
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