Integration of an Axially Continuous Graphene with Functional Metals for High‐Temperature Electrical Conductors
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Abstract Demands for effective high‐temperature electrical conductors continue to increase with the rapid adoption of electric vehicles. However, the use of conventional copper‐based conductors is limited to relatively low temperatures due to their poor oxidation resistance and microstructural instability. Here, a highly conductive and thermally stable nickel‐graphene‐copper (NiGCu) wire that combines the advantages of graphene and its metallic components is developed. The NiGCu wire consists of a conductive copper core, an oxidation‐resistant nickel shell, and axially continuous graphene embedded between them. The experiments on 10–80 µm diameter NiGCu wires demonstrate substantial enhancements in electrical properties and thermal stability across a variety of metrics. For instance, the smallest NiGCu wires have a 61.2% higher current density limit, 307.6% higher conductivity, and an order of magnitude smaller change in resistivity compared to conventional Ni‐coated Cu counterparts after annealing at 650 °C. By performing both innovative experiments and simulations using different sizes of NiGCu wires, the diffusion coefficients of metals are quantified, for the first time to the best knowledge, through continuous graphene. These results indicate that the dramatic improvement in thermo‐electrical properties is enabled by the embedded graphene layer which reduces NiCu interdiffusion by ≈10 4 times at 550 °C and 650 °C.Keywords:
Thermal Stability
Abstract The formation of the Ni(III) title complexes (IV) with the ligands (IIId)‐(IIIf) (preparation to be seen in the scheme) h‐as been investigated in MeCN, DMSO, and water.
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The electrical resistivity of soil is affected by various factors, such as the electrical resistivity of pore fluids, the porosity, the constituent of soil particles, the saturation, the orientation and shape of soil particles, and the pore structure. The purpose of this study is to determine the changes in the electrical resistivity of sand-silt mixtures during freeze-thaw cycles. To measure the electrical resistance over freeze-thaw cycles, a nylon cell was designed and an electrode was attached to each of the four side walls of the cell. Two specimens, with different degrees of saturation (40% and 60%), were prepared using sand-silt mixtures. The measured electrical resistances were then transformed into electrical resistivities. The results show that, in both specimens, the electrical resistance increases during the repeated cycles, and hysteresis behavior appears immediately after the beginning of thawing. In addition, the electrical resistivities of both samples are less during thawing than during freezing from 0°C to -3°C. While the electrical resistivity increases rapidly at 0°C during freezing, the electrical resistivity at 0°C decreases relatively gradually during thawing. For the specimens with a saturation of 40%, the electrical resistivity during thawing was greater than the electrical resistivity during freezing at ordinary temperatures. This study demonstrates that electrical resistivity surveys may be useful for analyzing the structure and behavior of soils during freezing-thawing cycles.
Silt
Saturation (graph theory)
Hysteresis
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A study was carried out to compare the rates of absorption of nickel from two nickel complexes and two nickel salts in the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat. Treatments consisted of oral administration of 5mg equivalents of elemental nickel from nickel sulphate hexahydrate (NiSO4.6H2O); nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2.6H2O); nickel sodium monofluorophosphate (Ni-SMFP) complex and nickel-chloroquine (Ni-Clrq) complex. Changes in the plasma levels of nickel were monitored until the concentration declined. Nickel absorption into the blood was in the order: Ni-SMFP>NiClrq>NiSO4.6H2O>NiCl2.6H2O indicating that nickel is more readily available to goats in the complex forms. JARD Vol. 1 2001: pp. 23-30
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A characterization study was undertaken with eighteen kinds of nickel/alumina impregnated catalysts prepared by using three nickel compounds (nickel (II) acetylacetonate, nickel (II) acetate and nickel (II) chloride) as the nickel source material and by applying two impregnation methods (single and multiple). The catalysts prepared by using nickel (II) acetylacetonate and nickel (II) acetate showed a similar distribution and average of nickel particle diameters regardless of nickel source material or impregnation method. The distribution broadening and the average increased with increasing nickel content for the catalysts prepared by using nickel (II) chloride. The rate of benzene hydrogenation was proportional to the nickel surface area regardless of nickel source material or impregnation method.
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Abstract Reduction of anhydrous nickel(II) compounds in the presence of diazadienes RN=CR'-CR' = NR, |(DAD), yields (DAD) 2 Ni(0). This complex 1 with R = CH(i-C 3 H 7 ) 2 is especially reactive and comproportionates with DADNiBr 2 (2) to yield the bromobridged dimeric nickel(I) species (DADNiBr) 2 (3). The crystal and molecular structure of 3 has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction: Space group Pbca with a = 1225.8(12), b = 1474.8(14) and c = 2167.4(22) pm; Ra = 0.076, 1034 reflections. Catalytic tetramerisation of substituted alkynes with 1 is discussed in view of the very easy formation of dimers 3.
Anhydrous
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The theoretical calculation for pressure dependence of electrical resistance has been carried out for Cu Doped As- Se glasses. The calculated results for the CuxAs40Se60-x glasses with x between 0 and 28% show that the resistivity of glasses continuously decreases and saturates at higher quasi-hydrostatic pressures. The results have been compared with the experimental data and yield a good description of variation of electrical resistivity with pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
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Properties, manipulations, preparative methods and typical reactions have been described for the following twelve representative nickel compounds which have been used and/or should be useful as catalysts and/or reagents for synthetic organic reactions : nickel (II) halides, his (acetylacetonato) -nickel (II), nickel peroxide, dichloro (bipyridyl) nickel (II), dihalobis (trialkylphosphine) nickel (II), dichlorobis (triphenylphosphine) nickel (II), dichloro {1, 3-his (diphenylphosphino) propane} nickel (II), trans-chlorophenylbis (triphenylphosphine) nickel (II), tetracarbonylnickel (0), bis (η- 1, 5-cyclooctadienyl) nickel (0), tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) nickel (0), di-μ-bromobis (1-3-η-allyl) dinickel (II).
Peroxide
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Dithiocarbamate
Nickel compounds
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Nickel allergy is the most frequent contact allergy and is also one of the major background factors for hand eczema. The clinical significance of nickel release from coins was discussed when the composition of euro coins was decided. Current European coinage is dominated by cupro-nickel coins (Cu 75; Ni 25); other nickel-containing and non-nickel alloys are also used. Nickel release from used coinage from the UK, Sweden and France was determined. It was shown that nickel ions are readily available on the surface of used coins. After 2 min in artificial sweat, approximately 2 microg of nickel per coin was extracted from cupro-nickel coins. Less nickel was extracted from non-nickel coins. Nickel on the surface was mainly present as chloride. After 1 week in artificial sweat approximately 30 microg/cm2 was released from cupro-nickel coins: less nickel was released from coins made of other nickel alloys. Theoretically, several microg of nickel salts may be transferred daily onto hands by intense handling of high-nickel-releasing coins.
Nickel allergy
numismatics
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The electrical resistivity of Fe 65 (Ni 0.84 Mn 0.16 ) 35 alloy is measured under high pressure up to 30 kbar from 4.2 K to 300 K. A resistance minimum is found near 25 K at atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the resistance minimum is appeared not to depend on pressure. Isothermal resistivity shows anomalous behaviors against pressure below 150 K. These results suggest the existence of a pressure induced magnetic phase transition at low temperature.
Isothermal process
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