The prevalence of depression and anxiety in nurses caring for covid-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: a single center experience
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Background: Healthcare workers in direct contact with confirmed COVID-19 patients often face a negative impact on psychological health. This study aims to examine the prevalence of anxiety and depression among nurses caring for COVID-19 patients. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic from January 2022 to April 2022 at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire. Kruskal–Wallis’s test was used to compare the total scores of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 with respect to demographic characteristics. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 123 nurses were included in the study. Most of them were females (69.92%), aged 30–39 years (45.53%), had a bachelor's degree in nursing (75.61%), and had more than ten years of experience (3830.89%). The depression and anxiety prevalence in the study was 78.1% and 72.4%, respectively. Nurses aged 30–39 years were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Female nurses showed significantly higher scores for depression and anxiety than males 74.42% and 67.45%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest that nurses are at risk for developing depression and anxiety. Therefore, regular mental health screening is necessary for nurses, particularly during a pandemic.Keywords:
Depression
Patient Health Questionnaire
Cross-sectional study
Pandemic
Bachelor degree
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relations between the degree of encroachment, measured as the cross-sectional area of the dural sac, and low back pain in a large population. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data from 802 participants (247 men, 555 women; mean age, 63.5 years) were analyzed. The measurement of the cross-sectional area of the dural sac from the level of L1/2 to L4/5 was taken using axial T2-weighted images. The minimum cross-sectional area was defined as the cross-sectional area of the dural sac at the most constricted level in the examined spine. Participants were divided into three groups according to minimum cross-sectional area measurement quartiles (less than the first quartile, between the first and third quartiles, and greater than the third quartile). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between the minimum cross-sectional area and the prevalence of low back pain. Results The mean minimum cross-sectional area was 117.3 mm2 (men: 114.4 mm2; women: 118.6 mm2). A logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and other confounding factors, including disc degeneration, showed that a narrow minimum cross-sectional area (smaller than the first quartile) was significantly associated with low back pain (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–2.80 compared to the wide minimum cross-sectional area group: minimum cross-sectional area greater than the third quartile measured). Conclusion This study showed that a narrow dural sac cross-sectional area was significantly associated with the presence of low back pain after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. Further investigations that include additional radiographic findings and psychological factors will continue to elucidate the causes of low back pain.
Cross-sectional study
Back Pain
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Background: driving anxiety and fear can have a marked impact on mobility and independence, although there is no data on the prevalence of this problem, and specific information about the rate of driving anxiety and fear in older adults is unknown. Methods: the present study examines the prevalence of self-reported driving anxiety and fear in a sample of 2,491 adults aged 55–72 from a longitudinal survey of health and ageing in New Zealand. Results: most of the sample (90%) described themselves as drivers who drove daily or weekly. Around 70% of the sample reported no driving anxiety or fear, yet 17–20% endorsed a mild and 4–6% rated a moderate to severe level of driving anxiety and fear. Women reported higher levels of anxiety and fear about driving than men, but there were no age differences. Those who reported some level of driving anxiety engaged various alternative modes of transport, and a small number (2.4%) reported that their driving anxiety had affected their usual activities or work for at least a day in the previous month. Duration of driving anxiety was highly variable, from relatively recent onset to being present for much of some participants' lifetimes. Conclusion: driving anxiety and fear may be a significant problem for some young older adults that is likely to affect their independence and mobility. Further research to clarify the content and nature of driving anxiety, pathways to driving anxiety and the effect of factors associated with ageing on driving anxiety is needed in order to better understand this experience for older adults and develop effective interventions.
Affect
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Background: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) has nine questions and is used in diabetic or hypertensive patients to detect depressive symptoms. The PHQ-2 uses the first two questions of the PHQ-9 to rapidly detect those patients that should answer the whole questionnaire.
Patient Health Questionnaire
Demographics
Depression
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Purpose: Depressive symptoms after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are related with adverse health outcomes. However, the risk factors and course of depressive symptoms after AMI have not been widely investigated, especially in Asian populations. We aimed to evaluate changes in the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the associated risk factors at 3 mo after AMI. We also investigated the associations among functional capacity, physical activity (PA), and depressive symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for 1545 patients who were admitted for AMI and referred to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) between August 2015 and March 2019. Of these patients, 626 patients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Korean Activity Scale Index (KASI), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) 3 mo following AMI. A PHQ-9 score of ≥5 was considered to indicate depressive symptoms. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30% at baseline and decreased to 12% at 3 mo after AMI. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with low functional capacity (OR = 2.20, P = .004) and unemployment status (OR = 1.82, P = .023). After adjusting for variables including functional capacity, depressive symptoms exhibited a significant relationship with low PA after AMI (OR = 1.80, P = .023). Conclusion: Systematic screening and treatment for depressive symptoms and efforts to promote CR may help to improve PA and functional capacity in Korean patients with AMI. Such efforts may aid in reducing the depressive symptoms and related adverse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire
Depression
Cross-sectional study
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Trait anxiety
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Many cancer patients are anxious even when disease is in remission. Anxiety about health, ‘health anxiety’, has distinct features, notably seeking medical reassurance about symptoms. Doctors may then communicate that these symptoms are not due to serious illness, a process known as ‘reassurance’. However, reassurance may inadvertently perpetuate some patients' anxiety. We aimed to observe the relation between symptoms, anxiety and reassurance in consultations with cancer patients. A total of 95 outpatients, with breast or testicular cancers in remission, completed questionnaires measuring health anxiety at study entry, then general anxiety – before a consultation, immediately afterwards, 1 week later, and before their next consultation. We examined symptoms reported and reassurance by oncologists from audio recordings of consultations, and the outcome of subjects' anxiety. The results showed that substantial health anxiety was reported by one-third of the patients. Patients with higher levels of health anxiety reported more symptoms during consultations. Reassurance was ubiquitous, but not followed by an enduring improvement in anxiety. Certain forms of reassurance predicted increased anxiety over time, particularly for subjects who were most anxious. In conclusion, health anxiety can be a problem after cancer. Reassurance may not reduce patients' anxiety. Some reassurance was counterproductive for the most anxious patients. Oncologists may need to use reassurance as a procedure, balancing risk, and benefits, and patient selection and to manage cancer patients in remission.
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Cross-sectional study
Coronavirus
Pandemic
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In order to help nurse to identify the difference between anxiety reaction and nervous anxiety, grasp the key points of anxiety's identification and interference skills of anxiety, and offer scientific and effective psychological nursing to patients, the paper stated clinical features and identification of common anxiety systematically, focusing on clinical features and countermeasures of hospitalization anxiety, operative anxiety, separation anxiety, comprehensive anxiety.
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A group of 179 tuberculosis patients, notified within a specific time period in an area served by a community-based TB clinic in Cape Town, was defined. Cross-sectional and longitudinal measurements of compliance were taken to test the validity of the two research methods in compliance surveillance. The cross-sectional method was found to mask significantly the true extent of non-compliance with tuberculosis treatment (19.5% v. a true 40.3%). The sampling and measurement biases inherent in the cross-sectional design were illustrated. The first bias was introduced because the cross-sectional survey captured only treatment survivors. By the date of the cross-sectional survey 45 patients were no longer on the clinic treatment list, between 4 and 13 (2.2 - 7.3% of the original group) having been lost as a result of poor compliance. The second and most extensive bias was introduced because the cross-sectional survey measured the compliance of all patients on a particular day irrespective of the time since notification. Thus for the cross-sectional group the compliant proportion was 80.5% at the time of the cross-sectional survey but fell to 65.4% by the end of treatment (as measured in the longitudinal survey). The absolute significance of the association between compliance and various demographic and treatment variables did not change with survey method. However, in two instances the association approached significance in only one of the two surveys. The study implies that serious clinical repercussions are possible if management decisions are based on the results of inappropriately designed studies. The place of the longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods in compliance surveillance is discussed.
Cross-sectional study
Cross-sectional data
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