Support vector regression approach to optimize the biodiesel composition for improved engine performance and lower exhaust emissions
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Palm biodiesel is blended to diesel in different volume percentages to improve certain properties. This would help in having a good understanding of the dependence of the diesel properties on the biodiesel proportion. The properties of interest in the present work are density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and fire point of the blends which are determined and compared to petrodiesel. It is observed that the kinematic viscosity and density of the diesel increase with the palm biodiesel proportion and it is not preferable. Blends with higher palm content possess higher flash point and fire point. Apparently, blending worsens the conditions and hence might be of no use when compared to diesel, but when compared to neat palm biodiesel, blending helped in pulling down the density, viscosity, fire point and flash point of the latter. Using regression analysis and the properties data of respective blends, correlations are developed to predict the properties of diesel and biodiesel blends known the percentage of biodiesel added to diesel, which are validated using biodiesel and diesel blends which are not used as an input to develop them.
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Biodiesel, defined as the alkyl esters (usually methyl esters) of vegetable oils, is miscible with conventional petroleum diesel fuel at all blend levels. Blends of biodiesel with conventional petroleum diesel fuel represent a common utilization of biodiesel. The Malaysian Government has initiated the implementation of palm biodiesel since 2007 and the proposed blend is B5. Accordingly, there is interest and need for the development of methods for determining or verifying the blend level of biodiesel in petroleum diesel. To date, the most widely used and acceptable method for determination of biodiesel blend levels is using IR spectroscopy.
The present study investigated the determination of blend level of palm biodiesel in petroleum diesel fuel in accordance to European Standard EN 14078:2003. The method was established for the determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in middle distillates—Infrared spectroscopy method. Principal component analysis of the region 1670 cm-1 to 1820 cm–1 and maximum carbonyl (C=O) absorption peak at 1745 cm-1 ± 5 cm-1 could distinguish blends of petroleum diesel fuel with palm biodiesel. The calibration model was built by following the parameters specified in EN 14078:2003. The peak height was correlated against the FAME concentration in g/L, and the calibration is reported. In the present study, the linearity over the selected range is very good, as evidenced by the R2 value of 0.9999. By using the data from the calibration function, the blend level of palm biodiesel in petroleum diesel was determined easily.
Up to 0.2 % error occurs between the measured and an estimated value when used this method to determining the FAME contents in the palm biodiesel-petroleum diesel fuel blend.
The adulteration of biodiesel/petroleum diesel blends by palm cooking oil was also successful traced by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Good separation between methyl ester and glycerol was traced using TLC silica gel plate and solvent system chloroform : hexane (1:1 v/v). The amount of acylglycerols adulteration as low as 0.05% can be detected. The detection of adulterant such as acylglycerols in palm biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel blends via TLC method is a useful and rapid method. It is highly recommended for enforcement exercise during implementation of palm biodiesel blend as there is a high possibility that acylglycerols may be used as an adulterant due to the fact it is cheaper than FAME and it cannot be differentiated from FAME due to the presence of carbonyl functional group.
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Biodiesel has a higher affinity toward moisture content than petroleum diesel, and the water retaining capacity of biodiesel is higher than diesel. The water content in fuels can be classified in free, emulsionated, and soluble water. High water content in biodiesel and diesel can cause problems such as water accumulation and microbial growth in fuel tanks and transportation equipment. Currently, there is a lack of information on water absorbance in biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends. Experiments were conducted to determine the water absorbance of biodiesel and biodiesel–diesel fuel blends evaluating the temperature and blend ratio parameters. Soluble water in biodiesel ranged from (1500 to 1980) mg·kg–1 in the temperature range of (283.15 to 323.15) K, which was 10 to 15 times higher than diesel. Results also showed that, at constant relative humidities, biodiesel absorbed 6.5 times more moisture than diesel. The presence of free and/or emulsionated water in biodiesel and blends was determined through turbidity experiments.
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Abstract Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel machines. Used cooking oil is blended with diesel with a certain volume ratio to improve the characteristics. The characteristics of biodiesel can not be fully used by diesel engines because it doesn’t meet the standards so that its characteristics need to be improved. As for utilizing it, it must be blended with diesel oil. The purpose of this study is to improve the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel, knowing the percentage of biodiesel volume from used cooking oil with diesel oil so that it can be known the optimal ratio of biodiesel with diesel oil which is close to diesel fuel specifications. Characteristics as variables in this paper are density, kinematic viscosity, pour point, and flash point of the specified mixture. The results show that the kinematic viscosity and density of the biodiesel-diesel mixture increase as the biodiesel mixture increases. Mixtures with higher biodiesel content have higher flash points. Mixing diesel with used cooking oil biodiesel may be of no use compared to diesel, but it can help in adjusting the viscosity, density, pour point, and flash point values according to applicable regulations.
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Abstract This article is a production and studying the viscosity of diesel fuel including the density. There were three part of diesel fuel for studying, pure diesel, biodiesel from DipterocarpusAlatus and mixing of pure diesel with biodiesel. The fuel was studying under standard temperature and low temperature. The properties of fuel must according to the vehicle emission standard (Euro 6) which is used in 2016. The vehicle emission standard testing at 0oC which is exhaust emission at the same time. Therefore, the studying of diesel fuel under these temperatures was interesting. In this article is studying, pure diesel, biodiesel from DipterocarpusAlatus and mixing of pure diesel with biodiesel on ratio 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage under the ASTM D341 standard respectively. On the other hand, prediction the viscosity and density by using Riazi equation. The results of the research revealed that the density was increased when the biodiesel mixture ratio in diesel oil was increased. Resulting of using equations for predicting density and viscosity was 2% difference from the experimental data. Keywords: Biodiesel fuel produced from Dipterocarpusalatus, Density, Viscosity
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