Cobalt(III)-Catalyzed C-6 Alkenylation of 2-pyridones by using Terminal Alkyne with High Regioselectivity
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β-Aminoenones react with monoalkyl hydrazines to give regioselectively 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles. The mechanism and level of regioselectivity depend on both the substitution pattern of the substrates and the reaction conditions. When the least bulky substituent is attached at the β-position of the enone, a high regioselectivity is obtained, usually higher than that from equivalent β-diketones. If the β-substituent is the bulkiest group, the regioselectivity decreases. Nevertheless, in the conditions reported in this paper, it is possible to prepare pyrazoles not obtainable from β-diketones.
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Pauson–Khand reaction
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Alkyne
Dichloromethane
Derivative (finance)
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Pyrazole is the ubiquitous sub-structure of many natural products and biologically active compounds. In this respect, its regioselective synthesis drew a lot of attention from synthetic organic chemists, leading to the development of various regioselective modifications of the classical Knorr cyclocondensation reaction and alternative methods. This review covers the period of 2003 to the middle of 2009 on the regioselective synthesis of pyrazoles, which are categorized into four reaction types: (i) modified Knorr condensation reaction using 1,3-dicarbonyl surrogates; (ii) 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions approach; (iii) regioselective direct substitution reaction of the pyrazole ring system; and (iv) other methods. Keywords: Pyrazole, regioselective dipolar cycloaddition, regioselective condensation, regioselective cross-coupling
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Abstract A perfectly regioselective and sequential method for the preparation of orthogonally protected glucopyranosides has been developed. An acyl group was introduced at C(4)‐OH by organocatalysis with >99 % regioselectivity. TBDPS, Boc, and BOM groups were sequentially introduced into the 4‐ O ‐acyl‐glucopyranoside at C(6)‐OH, C(2)‐OH, and C(3)‐OH, respectively, with ca. 100 % regioselectivity in each step.
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The regioselectivity of the Suzuki couplings of several 4,5- and 3,4-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylate esters has been studied. In general, regioselectivity can be achieved for initial coupling at the more electron-deficient site (C5 and C3, respectively). At the same time, conversions are often modest (40-60%) and attempts to force the reactions to higher conversions often lead to competitive dicoupling.
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Suzuki reaction
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To gain insights into 2-indolylmethanol-involved reactions and to understand the origins of regioselectivity and enantioselectivity, theoretical investigations on the reaction mechanisms of three representative cycloadditions of 2-indolylmethanols have been carried out. In Ir-catalyzed regioselective (3 + 3) cycloaddition, it was found that the great difference between the energy barriers of the first initiating steps of the two pathways played a key role in determining the observed high regioselectivity and the C3-nucleophilicity of 2-indolylmethanol in this reaction. In chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed regioselective and enantioselective (3 + 3) and (3 + 4) cycloadditions, it was discovered that the great difference between the energy barriers of the transition states corresponding to the (R)- and (S)-configurations led to the observed high enantioselectivity of the products. In the presence of CPA, the C3-nucleophilicity of 2-indolylmethanol increased, resulting in exclusive regioselectivity. It was discovered that the electronic nature is not a decisive factor for the observed C3-regioselectivity in the delocalized cation of 2-indolylmethanol, and the steric factor should play a crucial role in the observed C3-regioselectivity. This study offers insights into the mechanisms of 2-indolylmethanol-involved reactions, which will give an in-depth understanding of the chemistry of 2-indolylmethanols and advance the development of this research field.
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Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
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Many useful transition-metal-catalyzed reactions depend on the migratory insertion of an alkyne into a metal–carbon bond. Steric effects, electronic effects, and coordinating directing groups have all been shown to control product distributions in reactions in which this is the regioselectivity-determining step. This study describes how both steric and electronic parameters influence regioselectivity within a previously disclosed Ni-catalyzed indenone synthesis reaction. Steric repulsion determines the overall sense of regioselectivity, and to some extent the magnitude, while electronic effects can also significantly alter the magnitude of the observed regioselectivity. The relationship between alkyne insertion regioselectivity and the electronic character of the migrating aryl group is demonstrated via comparisons with established electronic substituent constants (σ+ values). These observations will aid in the understanding and development of other regioselective alkyne carbofunctionalization reactions.
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