Prospective changes in insulin response and cellularity of white adipose tissue following long-term weight loss
Lucas MassierJesper BäckdahlJutta JalkanenJiawei ZhongMerve ElmastasNayanika BhallaPatrick StåhlMikael RydénNiklas Mejhert
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Background White adipose tissue (WAT) regulates a plethora of physiological processes, which require the interaction between multiple resident cell types. In insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, and upon WAT remodeling by weight alterations, the cellular and spatial organization of WAT is drastically altered. However, the cell types governing these changes and their link to insulin sensitivity remain largely unexplored.10.1002/9780470712221.ch4.abs This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Development of white adipose tissue Structure of white adipose tissue Fat storage and mobilization Adipokines Receptors expressed by adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue Adipose tissue development and dynamics References
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Adipose tissue morphology of different fat tissue depots can be described using the number of adipocytes and cell surface of adipocytes. This study deals with characteristics and morphometric analysis of white and brown adipose tissue depots in healthy adult laboratory mice, hamsters and rats of both sexes. The number of unilocular adipocytes in white adipose tissue differs from one adipose tissue depot to another, with the largest number of adipocytes in mice and a similar number in hamsters and rats. The smallest surface area and the largest percentage of small unilocular adipocytes were found in mice. White adipose tissue in hamsters and rats was predominantly made out of a larger percentage of medium-sized adipocytes and a smaller percentage of small and medium-sized adipocytes. Uncoupling protein 1 positive multilocular adipocytes were found in classic brown adipose tissue depots with larger percentages in mice (93.20 %) and hamsters (91.30 %), while rats had a smaller percentage (78.10 %). In white and brown adipose tissue, significant differences between species and both sexes within the same species were found, indicating the influence of sexual dimorphism. The presented morphometric results could serve as a basis for further studies concerning experimental animal models of metabolic disorders and obesity.
Sexual dimorphism
Adipose tissue macrophages
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Adipose tissue exist in two different forms which can be distinguished with the free eye by their color: white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. Both have a highly differing fine structure. Furthermore, their location differs significantly. White adipose tissue is found in the subcutaneous tissue where it exists mainly as single adipocytes or in the peritoneal cavity where it forms a compact tissue. The adipocytes of the white adipose tissue contain a single lipid droplet and therefore are referred to as univacuolar (or unilocular) adipocytes. Since the size of the lipid droplet can vary considerably, white adipocytes may measure between 40 and 120μm.
Adipose tissue macrophages
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Fatty acid synthesis
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Fat tissue, called adipose tissue, is our energy storage and it plays a vital role in the growing process. Did you know that we have three different types of adipose tissue that can convert into each other during our lives? The white adipose tissue stores fat from the foods we eat. The brown adipose tissue is responsible for heat production. And lastly, the beige adipose tissue is a form that is halfway between these two. The white and brown adipose tissues are very important to the body’s functioning. But, if we eat a lot of sugar and fat, the metabolism and functions of these tissues change, which can result in diseases like obesity and diabetes. Nowadays, scientists are studying the possibility of turning white adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue, in an attempt to prevent and reverse some of these diseases.
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Thermogenin
Adipose tissue macrophages
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The sections in this article are: 1 Light Microscopy of Adipose Tissues 1.1 Brown and White Adipose Tissue Organization 1.2 Histology of the White Adipose Cell 1.3 Histology of the Brown Adipose Cell 1.4 Histochemistry of Brown and White Adipose Tissues 1.5 Similarity of the Morphology of Developing White Fat and Brown Fat 2 Electron Microscopy of Adipose Tissues 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Materials and Methods 2.3 Differentiated White Adipose Cells 2.4 Differentiated Brown Adipose Cells 2.5 Experimentally Altered Brown Adipose Tissue 2.6 Differentiating White Adipose Cells 2.7 Persistent Differentiation of White Adipose Tissue 2.8 Transport of Particulate Lipid; Sites of Lipolysis or Lipogenesis 3 Summary
Adipose tissue macrophages
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Adipose tissue exists chiefly in two different forms: white and brown adipose tissue. Both have a highly differing fine structure and their location differs significantly. White adipose tissue is found in the subcutaneous tissue, where it exists mainly as single adipocytes (panel a) and in small groups often along capillaries (inset in panel a), or in the peritoneal cavity where it forms a compact tissue, the visceral fat. White adipocytes contain a single lipid droplet whose size can vary between 40 and 120 μm. In the white adipose tissue, brown-like adipocytes, named beige or brite (brown-in-white) adipocytes, exist, which undergo reversible transition with white adipocytes.
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