Water Balance Analysis of Hulun Lake, a Semi-Arid UNESCO Wetland, Using Multi-Source Data
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Hulun Lake is the largest lake in northeastern China, and its basin is located in China and Mongolia. This research aims to analyze the dynamic changes in the water volume of Hulun Lake and to estimate the groundwater recharge of the lake during the past 60 years. Multi-source data were used, and water-level-data-interpolation extrapolation, water-balance equations, and other methods were applied. The proportion of the contribution of each component to the quantity of water in Hulun Lake during the last 60 years was accurately calculated. Evaporation loss was the main component in the water loss in Hulun Lake. In the last 60 years, the average annual runoff into the lake was about 1.202 billion m3, and it was the factor with the largest variation range and the leading factor affecting the changes in the quantity of water in Hulun Lake. There was groundwater recharge in Hulun Lake for a long period, and the average annual groundwater recharge was about 776 million m3 (excluding leakage). The contribution ratio of the river water, groundwater, and precipitation to the recharging of Hulun Lake was about 5:3:2. The changes in the quantity of water in Hulun Lake are affected by climate change and human activities in China and Mongolia, especially those in Mongolia.Keywords:
Water balance
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Water balance
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Wetlands in the arid and semi\|arid areas in northwest of China include natural and artificial ones. Wetlands have unique characteristics controlled by environment backgrounds of arid and semi\|arid. Wetlands degradation accelerates and becomes complicated because of both natural and anthropogenic impacts. Wetland area reducing and wetland sandification result in the unbalance of wetland ecosystem and lower the ecological regulating function of wetland. According to the situation of wetland degradation, it is a task of top priority to strengthen the protection and recovery of wetland ecosystem in the arid and semi\|arid areas of northwestern China.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Recharge Applications Design Objectives Potential Problems with Recharge Water and Plugging of Wells Sources of Recharge Water Treatment of Recharge Water Construction of Recharge Systems Operation and Maintenance of Recharge Systems Permits for Recharge Operations
Depression-focused recharge
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Lake water level fluctuation is a function of hydro-meteorological components, namely input, and output to the system. The combination of these components from in-situ and remote sensing sources has been used in this study to define multiple scenarios, which are the major explanatory pathways to assess lake water levels. The goal is to analyze each scenario through the application of the water balance equation to simulate lake water levels. The largest lake in Iran, Lake Urmia, has been selected in this study as it needs a great deal of attention in terms of water management issues. We ran a monthly water balance simulation of nineteen scenarios for Lake Urmia from 2003 to 2007 by applying different combinations of data, including observed and remotely sensed water level, flow, evaporation, and rainfall. We used readily available water level data from Hydrosat, Hydroweb, and DAHITI platforms; evapotranspiration from MODIS and rainfall from TRMM. The analysis suggests that the consideration of field data in the algorithm as the initial water level can reproduce the fluctuation of Lake Urmia water level in the best way. The scenario that combines in-situ meteorological components is the closest match to the observed water level of Lake Urmia. Almost all scenarios showed good dynamics with the field water level, but we found that nine out of nineteen scenarios did not vary significantly in terms of dynamics. The results also reveal that, even without any field data, the proposed scenario, which consists entirely of remote sensing components, is capable of estimating water level fluctuation in a lake. The analysis also explains the necessity of using proper data sources to act on water regulations and managerial decisions to understand the temporal phenomenon not only for Lake Urmia but also for other lakes in semi-arid regions.
Water balance
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Water balance
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The method of recharge groundwater by deep well is used widely.Because the well is adapt to be clogged,this method usually has high requirement for water quality.This made the efficiency of the recharge being low,and corresponding cost increased greatly.A new method,SPD artificial recharge system,is put forward.Through simulation experiment in lab,the new method is compared with direct well recharge.Study showed that the new method is an effective way to recharge deep groundwater.It has the advantage of low requirement for water quality,high speed of recharging,larger amount of recharge and anti-clogging etc.
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Depression-focused recharge
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The methods used to recharge groundwater by deep wells are adopted widely.Because of the tendency of being clogged and high requirement for water quality,the efficiency of recharge is decreased and correspondingly the cost of recharge operation is greatly increased.In this paper,a new method,SPD artificial recharge system,is put forward.Through simulation experiments in labs,the new method is compared with direct well recharge in the field.The results indicate that this new method is an effective way to recharge deep-seated groundwater with such characteristics as low requirement for water quality,high speed to recharge,large amount of recharge and anti-clogging,etc.
Depression-focused recharge
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An experimental study of groundwater recharge by means of recharge basin has been done in a dune area of Showamachi, Akita Prefecture. Raw water source was withdrawn from the Hachirogata regulating reservoir. The purpose of this study is to make certain of storage of recharge water and changes in water quality. The experimental equipments consist mainly of a recharge basin (area of 10× 20 m and 0.4 m deep), a pumping well (14 m deep) and six observation wells (each 8 m deep). Water was analyzed in laboratory. The structural phases of the equipments are explained in this paper. Results obtained are discussed in the following papers.
Depression-focused recharge
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In order to discuss the effects of geothermal well recharge,taking the geothermal well in Dagang District of Tianjin City as an example,four recharge modes are adopted for experiments.The recharge capacity,possible recharge duration,accumulation recharge dynamic water level and diachronic variation of injectivity index under the four modes are analyzed.The experimental results show that the recharge duration is short and recharge capacity is poor under the mode of natural intermission;in the lifting-recharge mode,the longer the pump lifting time is,the longer the recharge duration is and the more the recharge volume is.The recharge volume under the pressure mode is decreasing.The operation mode influences the recharge capacity of the system greatly.
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