One-pot synthesis of cyclic carbonates from olefins and CO2 catalyzed by silica-supported imidazolium hydrogen carbonate ionic liquids
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Carboxylation
Reusability
Dimethyl carbonate
An interesting but not extensively studied question in active learning is that of sample reusability: to what extent can samples selected for one learner be reused by another? This paper explains why sample reusability is of practical interest, why reusability can be a problem, how reusability could be improved by importance-weighted active learning, and which obstacles to universal reusability remain. With theoretical arguments and practical demonstrations, this paper argues that universal reusability is impossible. Because every active learning strategy must undersample some areas of the sample space, learners that depend on the samples in those areas will learn more from a random sample selection. This paper describes several experiments with importance-weighted active learning that show the impact of the reusability problem in practice. The experiments confirmed that universal reusability does not exist, although in some cases -- on some datasets and with some pairs of classifiers -- there is sample reusability. Finally, this paper explores the conditions that could guarantee the reusability between two classifiers.
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Abstract Carboxylation of α‐substituted 2‐lithio‐β‐methoxystyrenes followed by acid‐mediated lactonization opens a convenient route to the title compounds.
Carboxylation
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Abstract In this article, we outline the development of using CO 2 as the carboxyl source in CH bond functionalization. As the main products of CO 2 ‐involving organic synthesis, carboxylic acids and their derivatives are highly important and widely used. Among the numerous methods to generate carboxylic acids, the direct carboxylation of CH bonds with CO 2 is the most efficient in an atom‐economical way. The development of the direct carboxylation of different CH bonds with CO 2 is summarized separately. A summary and outlook of this area are presented.
Carboxylation
Surface Modification
Carbon atom
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Dimethyl carbonate
Reusability
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Carboxylation
Dimethyl carbonate
Decarboxylation
Dimethyl ether
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3-Methyl-1-(propyloxycarbonylmethyl)imidazolium octylsulfate 1a and 3-methyl-1-(pentyloxycarbonylmethyl)imidazolium octylsulfate 2a are ionic liquids that have previously been shown to be readily biodegradable in the CO2 headspace test (ISO 14593). In the present study, these ionic liquids were evaluated as reaction media for Diels–Alder and hydrogenation reactions. The comparison of the performance of these two designer solvents in these reactions with those conducted in other, non-biodegradable ionic liquids has demonstrated that they are comparable and viable solvents.
Biocatalysis
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The utilization of carbon dioxide as a C
Carboxylation
Acrylic acid
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A formal C-H carboxylation of unactivated arenes using CO
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The lack of understanding of the radical reaction mechanism of Carbon dioxide (CO2) in photo- and electro-catalysis results in the development of such applications far behind the traditional synthesis methods. Using methylbenzophenone as the model, we clarify and compare the photo-enolization/Diels−Alder (PEDA) mechanism for photo-carboxylation and the two-step single-electron reduction pathway for electro-carboxylation with CO2 through careful control experiments. The regioselective carboxylation products, o-acylphenylacetic acid and α-hydroxycarboxylic acid are obtained, respectively, in photo- and electro-chemistry systems. On the basis of understanding the mechanism, a one-pot step-by-step dicarboxylation of o-methylbenzophenone is designed and conducted. Both the experimental results and related density functional theory (DFT) calculation verify the feasibility of the possible pathway in which electro-carboxylation is conducted right after photo-carboxylation in one vessel. This synthesis approach may provide a mild, eco-friendly strategy for the production of polycarboxylic acids in industry.
Carboxylation
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Abstract A novel dicationic ionic liquid based on imidazolium cation is designed, synthesized and successfully used as catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of benzoxazoles, benzthiazoles, benzimidazoles and 2‐arylsubstituted benzimidazoles. The remarkable feature of this new catalyst is its ethyleneoxy bridge which participates in dissolving organic compound in ionic liquid. The application of this ionic liquid is studied in a new one‐pot method for synthesis of heterocyclic compounds under solvent‐free conditions. Simple and convenient procedure, high conversion, reusability of catalyst, easy purification and shorter reaction time are the advantageous features of this method.
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Benzimidazole
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