Supplementary Figure from β2-Microglobulin Maintains Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Induces M2-like Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Daqi LiQian ZhangLu LiKexin ChenJunlei YangDeobrat DixitRyan C. GimpleShusheng CiChenfei LuLang HuJiancheng GaoDanyang ShanYangqing LiJunxia ZhangZhumei ShiDanling GuWei YuanQiulian WuKailin YangLinjie ZhaoZhixin QiuDeguang LvWei GaoHui YangFan LinQianghu WangJianghong ManChaojun LiWeiwei TaoSameer AgnihotriXu QianYu ShiYongping YouNu ZhangJeremy N. RichXiuxing Wang
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Supplementary Figure from β2-Microglobulin Maintains Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Induces M2-like Polarization of Tumor-Associated MacrophagesKeywords:
Beta-2 microglobulin
Cell-associated and serum beta2-microglobulin was estimated in seven patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The amount of cell-associated beta2-microglobulin was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01), due to a decrease in the fraction of beta2-microglobulin that passes unretarded through a concanavalin A affinity column (presumably non-HLA-associated beta2-microglobulin). Serum concentrations of beta2-microglobulin were increased, but no correlation was found between the decrease in cell-associated beta2-microglobulin and the increase in serum beta2-microglobulin. All of the beta2-microglobulin from leukaemic serum was eluted corresponding to a molecular weight of 11,800 and none of it was retarded on a concanavalin A affinity column. The decrease in cell-associated beta2-microglobulin might reflect a change in the qualitative or quantitative expression of beta2-microglobulin-associated membrane structures on the leukaemic cells, perhaps conferring resistance to the cells against hypothetical immunological host defence mechanisms.
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Beta 2-microglobulin aggregated with glutaric dialdehyde was efficiently bound to C1q in fluid and solid phase assay systems. Furthermore, affinity chromatography experiments suggested reactivity of monomeric beta 2-microglobulin with C1q. In spite of its C1q binding capacity, the aggregated beta 2-microglobulin did not activate the C1 complex in serum. This however, might have been due to the mode of aggregation.
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Beta-2 microglobulin is synthesized in all nucleated cells and forms the light chain subunit of the major histocompatibility complex class I antigen. Despite its potential role as a convenient and non-invasive prognostic indicator in malignant lymphomas, the influence of serum β2 microglobulin is currently underestimated, and therapeutic decision making is rarely affected by this marker. Recent studies that included relatively large numbers of patients with specific histologic subtypes showed that serum β2 microglobulin is a potent prognostic marker in malignant lymphomas. In follicular lymphoma, this effort led to the incorporation of serum β2 microglobulin as an indicator in a new prognostic model. In this review, we summarize the current evidence supporting the role of serum β2 microglobulin as a prognostic factor in patients with malignant lymphoma and discuss perspectives for future investigations.
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Objective To explore the clinical significance of serum measurement of β2-microglobulin in patients with multiple myeloma(MM).Methods ELISA were used to detect the levels of β2-microglobulin in serum specimens.Results The level of β2-microglobulin in preliminary-diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma was significantly higher than that in healthy controls(P0.05).The level of β2-microglobulin in multiple myeloma patients with better therapeutic effect was significantly lower than that in preliminary-diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma(P0.05).Conclusion β2-microglobulin may be used as an indicator of evaluation of therapeutic effect and prognosis of multiple myeloma.
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In the sixties, Ingemar Berggård discovered, isolated and characterized the low molecular weight protein beta 2-microglobulin. The relations of beta 2-microglobulin to the immune system have led to intensive research on this protein. The present work reviews the purification and characterization of human beta 2-microglobulin and animal homologues, the association of beta 2-microglobulin to other molecules, the functional studies with beta 2-microglobulin and antibodies against beta 2-microglobulin, and the evolutionary studies on beta 2-microglobulin.
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Serum-beta-2-microglobulin was measured by radioimmunoassay in 25 patients with chronic lymphocellular leukaemia in stages III-IV according to the Rai classification. A significant positive correlation was found between the absolute lymphocyte count and the serum-beta-2-microglobulin level. No similar relationship was observed between the score indicative of organ infiltration and the beta-2-microglobulin valve. On the evidence of the results, the increased production of beta-2-microglobulin is attributed in the first place to the circulating lymphocytes. The assay has been found to provide a reliable indicator, suitable for the monitoring and evaluation of therapy.
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Beta 2 microglobulin is a low molecular weight protein found on the surface of all nucleated cells: it is the light chain of the HL-A histocompatibility complex. The increased levels of serum beta 2 microglobulin in patients with multiple myeloma have been associated with a poor prognosis. Pretreatment levels of serum beta 2 microglobulin were estimated in 70 previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. In a multivariate analysis, serum beta 2 microglobulin levels and stage were the most significant prognostic factors for survival independent of other risk factors associated with a worse prognosis. There was a clear difference in survival duration observed between the patients with a high pretreatment level of beta 2 microglobulin and stage III (none alive at 5 years) compared with patients with normal levels and stage I (80% alive at five years) (p less than .001). We conclude that pretreatment-beta 2 microglobulin level is one of the most useful prognostic factors in patients with multiple myeloma.
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Beta-2 microglobulin
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Malignant lymphoma
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Beta-2 microglobulin
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