Supplemental Figure 1 from Response to Standard Therapies and Comprehensive Genomic Analysis for Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma with <i>EGFR</i> Exon 20 Insertions
Noura J. ChoudhuryAdam J. SchoenfeldJessica FlynnChristina J. FalconHira RizviCharles M. RudinMark G. KrisMaria E. ArcilaGlenn HellerHelena A. YuMarc LadanyiGregory J. Riely
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<p>Patient details</p>[Objective] To investigate the mutations of WD gene in exon 18 and exon 14, and provide information for gene diagnoses. [Methods] Use PCR-SSCP technique to find the abnormity, the abnormity was sequenced. [Results] One case was found abnormal band in exon 18 of 45 patients and 20 normal controls, but no gene mutation was found. [Conclusions] The results suggest that exon 18 and exon 14 may not be frequent mutation points in Chinese Wilson disease.
Exon trapping
Single-strand conformation polymorphism
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We demonstrated the expression of various exon-deleted progesterone receptor (PR) variant mRNAs in human uterine endometrial cancers using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-DNA sequencing analyses. In addition to PR wild-type mRNA, exon 4-deleted, exon 6-deleted, exon 3,4-deleted, exon 5,6-deleted, exon 4,5,6-deleted and exon 3,4,5,6-deleted PR variant mRNAs were identified. The exon 6-deleted and exon 5,6-deleted PR variant mRNAs lacked encoding for the steroid-binding domain. The exon 4-deleted, exon 3,4-deleted, exon 4,5,6-deleted and exon 3,4,5,6-deleted PR variant mRNAs lacked encoding for the DNA-binding domain in addition to encoding for the steroid-binding domain. While the exon 4-deleted, exon 6-deleted and exon 3,4-deleted PR variant mRNAs were observed in all samples analyzed, the exon 5,6-deleted, exon 4,5,6-deleted and/or exon 3,4,5,6-deleted PR variant mRNAs could not be detected in some cases, especially in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma as compared with well-differentiated and moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. The present study demonstrates the coexpression of PR exon-deleted variant mRNAs with the wild-type in uterine endometrial cancers. All translated variant proteins might possess functional diversity and might modify the progestational action of wild-type PR, and the expression of some PR variant mRNAs may be lost as endometrial cancer cells undergo dedifferentiation.
Exon trapping
Progesterone receptor
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Tau protein
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We cloned a novel alternative first exon for nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) that is specific for kidney and two novel alternative second exons which can be inserted between the kidney-specific first exon and the exon currently numbered exon 2. The novel exons were localized within 17 kb upstream of exon 2, and their flanking regions and the boundaries of exon 2 were sequenced. NOS1 mRNAs starting with four additional alternative first exons were characterized with respect to tissue distribution and alternative splicing. Altogether, at least 11 different splice variants were found. Those present in kidney were mainly lacking exon 2.
Exon trapping
Exon shuffling
Exon skipping
NOS1
splice
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The 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays a key role in determining tissue-specific expression and protein isoforms. Analysis of the 5′ UTR of the human GR (hGR) has revealed 11 splice variants of the hGR exon 1, based on seven exon 1s, four of which (1-D to 1-F and 1-H) were previously unknown. All of the exon 1 variants have unique splice donor sites and share a common exon 2 splice acceptor site. Due to an upstream in-frame TGA stop codon the predicted translation from all splice variants is identical. The four new exon 1s show remarkable similarity with their rat homologues. Exon 1-D starts and finishes 17 and 36 bp upstream of the corresponding ends of the rat exon 1 4 . Exon 1-E is only 6 bp longer than its homologue exon 1 5 . Exon 1-F contains two short inserts of 11 and 6 bp when compared with the rat 1 7 . 1-H is 18 bp longer than the corresponding rat 1 11 . In addition to these new exons, we found that the human exon 1-C occurs as three distinct splice variants, covering the region homologous to the rat exons 1 9 and 1 10 . All of the alternative hGR exons 1s presented here were found to be transcribed in human tissue. The human hippocampus expresses mRNA of all the exon 1 variants, while the expression of the other exon 1s seems to be tissue specific. While exon 1-D is only in the hippocampus, exons 1-E and 1-F are also detected in the immune system, and exon 1-H additionally in the liver, lung and smooth muscle. The 5′ region of the hGR is more complex than previously thought, and we suggest that each of these untranslated first exons have a distinct proximal promoter region, providing additional depth to the mechanisms available for tissue-specific expression of the hGR isoforms.
Exon trapping
Exon shuffling
splice
Splice site mutation
Stop codon
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Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung is a special type of primary origin in the lung with obvious pathological features and short survival time. However, standard treatment guidelines have not yet been established. Herein, we report a case of hepatoid adenocarcinoma with the primary lesion located in the left upper lung. The tumour size was reduced after four cycles of combined therapy. Subsequent postoperative pathology confirmed complete remission.
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Exon trapping
Exon shuffling
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To examine the alteration and significance of the DPC4 gene in paraffin-embedded tissues of pancreatic carcinomas.Polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis were used to search for deletions and mutations in the DPC4 gene in 46 cases of pancreatic carcinomas.Thirteen of forty-six (28.3%) cases were found to have homozygous deletions in exon 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 11. One was in exon 11, one in exon 1 and 11, one in exon 2 and 3, one in exon 3 and 8, one in exon 1, 2 and 8, one in exon 2, 4 and 11, one in exon 3, 4 and 11, three in exon 3, 4 and 8, one in exon 2, 3, 4, and 8, one in exon 2, 3, 8 and 11, one in exon 2, 3, 4, 8 and 11. Intragenic mutations were found in 10 of 46 cases (21.7%). One case was in exon 1, one in exon 2, three in exon 8, four in exon 11, and one in exon 4 and 11. The total frequency of intragenic changes of DPC4 in paraffin-embedded tissues was 45.6% (21/46).Inactivation of tumor-suppressor gene DPC4 may play an important role during the tumorigenesis of pancreatic carcinomas.
Exon trapping
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