A Gγ protein regulates alkaline sensitivity in crops
Huili ZhangFeifei YuPeng XieShengyuan SunXinhua QiaoSanyuan TangChengxuan ChenSen YangCuo MeiDekai YangYaorong WuRan XiaXu LiJun LüYuxi LiuXiaowei XieDongmei MaXing XuZhengwei LiangZhonghui FengXiahe HuangHong YuGuifu LiuYingchun WangJiayang LiQifa ZhangChang ChenYidan OuyangQi Xie
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Abstract:
The use of alkaline salt lands for crop production is hindered by a scarcity of knowledge and breeding efforts for plant alkaline tolerance. Through genome association analysis of sorghum, a naturally high-alkaline-tolerant crop, we detected a major locus, Alkaline Tolerance 1 (AT1), specifically related to alkaline-salinity sensitivity. An at1 allele with a carboxyl-terminal truncation increased sensitivity, whereas knockout of AT1 increased tolerance to alkalinity in sorghum, millet, rice, and maize. AT1 encodes an atypical G protein γ subunit that affects the phosphorylation of aquaporins to modulate the distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These processes appear to protect plants against oxidative stress by alkali. Designing knockouts of AT1 homologs or selecting its natural nonfunctional alleles could improve crop productivity in sodic lands.Keywords:
Alkalinity
Drought Tolerance
Fodder
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In view of the determination of the alkalinity in water analysis, the arcticle analyzes the relations between the pH and the existing form of alkalinity in the water, and how to confirm the capacity of alkalinity exactly.
Alkalinity
Carbonic acid
Water balance
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Abstract Intercropping of sorghum and pearl millet with different growth cycles is used widely in third‐world countries to ensure and increase yields. However, it is questionable whether yield increases because of intercropping can be maintained under more developed systems, since temporal differences are necessary to allow mechanized planting and harvesting. Three sorghum hybrids with expected growth cycles from 90 to 110 days were planted in sole stands and in alternate rows and mixed within the rows with a pearl millet hybrid having a growth cycle similar to that of the early sorghum. Sole stands of millet also were included. The plots were planted at three locations in Kansas, two dryland and one including dryland and irrigated. Results show that yields were consistently highest in sole stands of sorghum, owing to the higher yield level of sorghum. No yield increase could be found on a land equivalent ratio basis, indicating no intercropping advantages. However, under good moisture conditions, a tendency toward yield increase was observed with the later maturing sorghums, which had 1–2 weeks of grain filling after the millet was mature. When moisture supply was insufficient, millet showed higher competitiveness for water than sorghum, and sorghum was adversely affected more than pearl millet was favored. It was concluded that moisture conditions have to be good and that temporal differences between sorghum and millet have to be greater than those used in this experiment to achieve intercropping yield advantages.
Intercropping
Sweet sorghum
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Alkalinity
Deposition
Base (topology)
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Allelopathy
Sweet sorghum
Cropping system
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Synopsis Competition for light was important in the establishment of alfalfa as an intercrop in sorghum. Sorghum was somewhat more competitive than corn with interseeded alfalfa if the distance between rows was 40 inches or less.
Intercropping
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Variation of alkalinity and its relationship with the pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and COD along with the different compartments of the ABR were investigated. The experimental results showed that there was a close relationship between variation of alkalinity and VFA concentration along with the ABR compartments. The lowest point of alkalinity and pH value occurred where VFA concentration reached maximum. The effect of alkalinity on the operational performance was through changing pH value. The variation trend of alkalinity and pH along with different compartments was decreased firstly and then increased. The alkalinity should be controlled to guarantee the lowest pH no less than 6.0. The lowest alkalinity should be no less than 800 mg/L when the loading rate (COD) was about 3.7 kg/(m3 x d).
Alkalinity
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ABSTRACT The presence of preflowering or postflowering drought tolerance has been described in sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Sorghum lines with preflowering drought tolerance tend to senesce under postflowering drought stress while sorghum lines with postflowering drought tolerance (the stay‐green trait) tend to be sensitive to preflowering drought stress. Assessments of these phenotypes have been dependent on the incidence of drought stress conditions at specific developmental stages to achieve meaningful evaluation. Therefore, field‐based evaluations, most of which are visual, are notoriously difficult to perform and require growing lines in multiple locations across several years to achieve efficient selection for these traits. Here we report and demonstrate a correlation between leaf dhurrin [(S)‐p‐hydroxymandelonitrile‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside] contents and the level of stay‐green based on leaf and plant death ratings during postflowering drought stresses. Postflowering drought‐tolerant stay‐green sorghums had elevated dhurrin contents while preflowering drought‐tolerant sorghum lines exhibited lower dhurrin contents. Lines with intermediate leaf and plant death ratings exhibited intermediate dhurrin levels. Finally, dhurrin levels determined before flowering from sorghum grown under irrigated or dryland conditions were related to the degree of pre‐ or postflowering drought tolerance.
Drought Tolerance
Drought stress
Sorghum bicolor
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Sweet sorghum
Sorghum bicolor
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Alkalinity
Deposition
Base (topology)
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