Going beyond RF: A survey on how AI-enabled multimodal beamforming will shape the NextG standard
Debashri RoyBatool SalehiStella BanouSubhramoy MohantiGuillem Reus-MunsMauro BelgiovinePrashant GaneshChris DickKaushik Chowdhury
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In this thesis, we study beamforming techniques that offer opportunities for 3D transesophageal echocardiography imaging, especially to achieve higher frame rates. In 3D TEE with a matrix transducer, two main challenges are to connect a large number of elements to a standard ultrasound system and to achieve a high volume rate (>200 Hz). We develop a prototype miniaturized matrix transducer for pediatric patients with micro-beamforming to reduce the channel count. Initially, we propose two dual stage beamforming techniques for 1D arrays to produce high-quality images with reduced channel count: one using fixed focused receive and another with a simple summation in receive (no delays). Because of their inapplicability to the prototype transducer, we propose multiline 3D ultrasound beamforming schemes that utilize the micro-beamforming capabilities. The proposed beamforming schemes use an angle-weighted combination of the neighboring overlapping sub-volumes to suppress the crossover artifacts that are typical for parallel beamforming and produce high-quality images at a high volume rate (~300 Hz). A similar beamforming scheme adapted for a newly designed prototype matrix adult TEE probe is used for in vivo 3D imaging of the heart of a healthy adult pig to produce good quality 3D images at a high frame rate. The proposed 3D beamforming scheme can easily be adapted for matrix probes with micro-beamforming capabilities to produce good quality volume images at a high volume rate, even for a very different layout of the transmit and receive arrays.
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In this letter, the beamforming scheme based on random frequency diverse array (RFDA) is newly investigated to enhance the performance of covert mmWave communications. First, the closed-form expressions of covertness constraint are derived for the RFDA and the conventional phase array (PA) beamforming schemes, respectively. Then, the optimal transmit power and blocklength maximizing the average effective covert throughput (AECT) are derived for both beamforming schemes. Considering the pessimistic scenarios that Willie locates in its desired direction as Bob (but different distances), our examination shows the enhancement of maximum AECT by adopting the RFDA beamforming scheme. Besides, in this case, the maximum AECT for the RFDA beamforming scheme can be improved while that for the PA beamforming scheme remains unchanged as the number of antennas enlarges. Furthermore, it is revealed that the superior performance of the RFDA beamforming scheme is influenced by Willie's location, and the range of Willie in which the RFDA beamforming scheme outperforms the PA beamforming scheme is obtained.
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