Crop Root Rows Detection Based on Crop Canopy Image
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Most of the current crop row detection algorithms focus on extracting crop canopy rows as location information. However, for some high-pole crops, due to the transverse deviation of the position of the canopy and roots, the agricultural machinery can easily cause the wheel to crush the crop when it is automatically driven. In fact, it is more accurate to use the crop root row as the feature for its location calibration, so a method of crop root row detection is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the ROI (region of interest) of the crop canopy is extracted by a semantic segmentation algorithm, then crop canopy row detection lines are extracted by the horizontal strip division and the midpoint clustering method within the ROI. Next, the Crop Root Representation Learning Model learns the Representation of the crop canopy row and crop root row to obtain the Alignment Equation. Finally, the crop canopy row detection lines are modified according to the Alignment Equation parameters to obtain crop root row detection lines. The average processing time of a single frame image (960 × 540 pix) is 30.49 ms, and the accuracy is 97.1%. The research has important guiding significance for the intelligent navigation, tilling, and fertilization operation of agricultural machinery.Plant canopy
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The effects of three canopy shapes, i.e., vertical canopy, V-shaped canopy and horizontal canopy, on canopy microenvironment, quality of leaves and fruits were studied in the 3-year-old grape 'Jingmi' grafted on ' Beta' in greenhouse. The results showed that gap fraction and openness of vertical canopy were significantly higher than that of V-shaped canopy and horizontal canopy, and leaf area index, light interception rate and canopy temperature difference between day and night were significantly lower than those of V-shaped canopy and horizontal canopy. There was no significant difference between the latter two treatments. The palisade thickness of V-shaped canopy was significantly greater than that of vertical canopy, and horizontal canopy was in the middle. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of V-shaped canopy were significantly higher than those of vertical canopy and horizontal canopy, and those in the latter two treatments had no significant difference. The fruit quality of V-shaped canopy was the best, and that of horizontal canopy was the worst. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that 29 types of volatile aroma compounds were detected in V-shaped canopy, but just 17 and 16 in vertical canopy and horizontal canopy, respectively. In V-shaped canopy, the characteristic aroma in grape 'Jingmi' was higher, except ethanol, trans-2- hexene-1-alcohol, 2-octyl ketone and formic acid ester. The linalool content in vertical canopy and V-shaped canopy was higher than that in horizontal canopy. The nerol content in V-shaped canopy was higher than that in vertical canopy and horizontal canopy, and the leaf alcohol content in V-shaped canopy and horizontal canopy was higher than that in vertical canopy. The citronellol was de-tected only in V-shaped canopy. In greenhouse, the fruit aroma of V-shaped canopy grape was stronger, and well reflected the variety characteristics.
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Optimized maize (Zea mays L.) canopy architecture enhances density-tolerance. DHEAP [N, N-Diethyl-2-hexanoyl oxygen radicals-ethyl amine (2-ethyl chloride) phosphonic acid salt] has been shown to increase maize upper canopy strata compactness, but its overall effect on the whole canopy structure and how it shapes the canopy structure remain unclear. This study examined how DHEAP affected the canopy structure of maize hybrids Zhengdan958 and Xianyu335, with distinct canopy structures, under different planting densities. The results showed that DHEAP increased the leaf orientation value (LOV) of upper canopy strata by 8.0% while reducing middle and lower strata LOV by 11.7% and 18.4%, respectively. This indicates that DHEAP shaped a canopy structure that was compact in the upper strata and loose in the middle and lower strata. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that leaf angle had a greater impact on the upper maize canopy strata, while leaf auricle size had a greater impact on the middle and lower canopy strata. After DHEAP treatment, light transmission above different canopy strata increased at the reproductive stage. Concurrently, the mid-canopy captured more light energy, enhanced yield formation, and boosted radiation use efficiency by 21.9% under high density. In terms of grain yield, DHEAP treatment resulted in a 9.1% and 23.9% increase in Zhengdan958 and Xianyu335, respectively, under high-density conditions. These results suggest that DHEAP shaped the maize canopy structure with high density tolerance, improved the distribution of light within the canopy, and improved maize grain yield.
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ng production and in landscapes, woody plants are initially spaced apart to develop to desirable landscape quality. As plants grow and canopies begin to interact, canopies transform from individual isolated canopies to one large, closed canopy system. Changes in individual plant actual evapotranspiration (ET A ) during the transitions between isolated and closed canopies are 30% on average. Such changes can have a substantial impact on supplemental irrigation requirements, both decreasing with closure and increasing with random removal of plants from a closed canopy. Data will be presented demonstrating changes in ET A as canopy closure progresses from isolated plants through 33%, 67%, and 100% canopy closure. Concurrent data from plants of marketable size grown in 3.8, 10.4, and 26.6 L containers were used to evaluate effects of canopy vertical thickness, and total canopy height, on the changes in ET A relative to degree of canopy closure. Contributions to ET A at 100% canopy closure and isolated plants from leaves at various depths within a canopy will be discussed.
Plant canopy
Closure (psychology)
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The response of Acacia karroo trees to defoliation of either the upper or lower canopy only, was compared experimentally with that of plants whose whole canopies had been defoliated at a range of defoliation levels. These plants were very sensitive to defoliation of the upper canopy. A 100% defoliation of the upper canopy only, resulted in the same amount of growth as 100% defoliation of the whole canopy. This was considerably less than the growth of plants defoliated overall, at 25% and 50% leaf removal. In contrast, defoliating the bottom half of the canopy only, stimulated growth in the whole canopy to the same degree as defoliation of the whole canopy at 25–50%. The increases of growth were due largely to increased growth in the top half of the canopy. Plants were very sensitive to defoliation in the early‐flush phenophase. This probably masked the positive effects of the partial defoliations applied at this phenophase.
Plant canopy
Tree canopy
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From gradation the definitionan+1-an=d(dis constant) and etc.of the few rows compare the definition (an+1)/(an)=q(q≠0) of the few rows and can know,the gradation few rows and etc.Comparing few rows is the special situations that passes to push few rows for passing to push a form another,can consider according to the characteristics of the topic,will pass to push the few rows conversion the gradation few rows or etc.to compare few rows to solve.This text provides reference to some few methods that pass to push few rows in brief to beg an item formula to.
Gradation
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We demonstrate SubTab, a framework for creating small, informative sub-tables of large data tables to speed up data exploration. Given a table with n rows and m columns where n and m are large, SubTab creates a sub-table T_sub with k
Table (database)
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Tree canopy
Pruning
Thinning
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Winter wheat canopy spectrum is dominated by wheat canopy closures, in this study. Our purpose is to study the quantitative influence of canopy closures on field canopy spectrum by quantitative reduced canopy stem densities. It indicated that canopy reflectance of winter wheat under different canopy stem densities has significant difference in near infrared bands. It has line relationship between spectral reflectance of 100% canopy stem densities and spectral reflectance under canopy stem densities, all the coefficients of determination (R2) for the equations are exceeding 0.8452, and all the results are surprised well. Canopy reflectance difference of winter under different stem densities were also studied, they all have line relationships between canopy reflectance of 100% canopy stem densities and quantitative reduced canopy stem densities, the simulation equations are different for the erective cultivars and loose cultivars. Relationship between canopy closures and canopy stem densities were also studied too, it has positive relationship between canopy closures and canopy stem densities, it reveals a very good agreement between canopy closures and canopy stem densities, with a coefficient of determination (R2) 0.8467, so the canopy stem densities can be simulated by canopy closures.
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Using hybrid cotton‘Shuoza 2'as the test variety,three different canopy structures of dwarf type(L),wave type(W)and high type(H)were created through chemical control and top-cutting,and their light transmittance,photosynthetic rate,dry matter accumulation,ball rot rate and yield components were studied.The results indicated that,in the late growth period,the light transmittance at the middle and bottom canopy positions of the L and H canopy structures was significantly lower than that of W canopy.Compared with W canopy,the total dry matter accumulation of L canopy was decreased by 13.52%.Among them,the vegetative organs of L canopy decreased by 20.87%,H canopy increased by 7.95%,the reproductive organs of L canopy decreased by 15.34%,and H canopy decreased by 10.43%.The bollrot rate and the dropout rate of W canopy were at an intermediate level between L and H canopy structures.The boll weight of W canopy increased by 7.91% and 8.10% than that of L and H canopy ones.The theoretical yield of W canopy structure increased by 12.08% than that of H canopy structure.The test results indicated that the higher light transmittance at the middle and bottom canopy positions of W canopy structure guaranteed the lower rate of boll rot and boll dropping rate,and improved the accumulation of the whole plant photosynthetic products,and ultimately promoted cotton reproductive growth for higher yield.
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