EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAG ANALYSIS OF A 4 YEAR2OLD CHINESE STURGEON PITUITARY
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Sequence (biology)
Using of DNA of chicken erythrocyte (3. 22pg/2C) as a standard, genome size (somatic nuclear DNA content) of five species of sturgeons and paddlefishes including Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius ), Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus ), Chinese sturgeon (A. sinensis ), Amur sturgeon (A. schrenckii ) and American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula ) were determined by microspectrometry. The DNA contents of each said species were 4. 11, 8. 26, 9. 07, 6. 07 and 3. 96pg, respectively. The genome size of two species including Yangtze sturgeon and Chinese sturgeon, was found two times as big as that of Chinese paddlefish and American paddlefish. Obviously, Chinese paddlefish and American paddlefish belong to the tetraploidy group whereas Yangtze sturgeon and Chinese sturgeon are octoploids. According to the present results and data reported, Amur sturgeon is possibly an octoploid (8n), however, it is more likely that two or more kinds of polyploids (4n, 8n and so on) have existed in the species of Amur sturgeon. Combination of the present results and data reported among Acipenseriformes including two families and six genera, the genus Acipenser possessed 4n. 8n. 12n and 16n while the other five genera possessed only 4n. It is deduced that the polyploidization took place at early time of formation of Acipenseriformes and within the genus Acipenser. Polyloidization has played an important role in the diversity of Acipenser which has more than 65% species in Acipenseriformes.
Yangtze river
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Sturgeon, as a kind of rare large-scale economic fish, has high scientific research and commercial value. But virosis was a significant cause of mortality among farm-raised juvenile sturgeon, which brought tremendous loss in the last decades. In this paper, we reviewed the studies on four sturgeon viruses: white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) iridovirus (WSIV), white sturgeon herpesvirus-1,2 (WSHV-1,2) and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus) iridovirus (SSIV). The content of this review were mainly focused on clinic symptom of infected fish, diagnostic method, virus isolation, prophylactic and remedy. Based on a detailed conclusion and analysis, it is reasonable that molecular biology techniques might be a potential method for sturgeon virosis diagnosis.
Iridovirus
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A wild mature Chinese Sturgeon(Acipenser sinensis),caught from the Yichang section of Yangtze River was kept in an aquarium in Beijing in 2005.It was the first practice to domesticate Chinese Sturgeon in China.The food items taken by the Chinese Sturgeon was recorded from April 3 to July 31.The results showed that the mature Chinese Sturgeon could take food from the trainers' hands.The food items had been added to 6 kinds.The quantity of fish ate by the sturgeon a day was gradually increased from 120 g to (2 000 g),and became stable soon after.It indicated that the environment of aquarium was suitable to domesticate the wild Chinese Sturgeon.
Yangtze river
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The swimming performance of hatchery-reared, juvenile shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and pallid sturgeon S. albus was studied in a laboratory swim tunnel at 20°C and 10°C. The mean 30-min critical swimming speed was not significantly different between species at either temperature (36.9 cm/s for shovelnose sturgeon and 35.9 cm/s for pallid sturgeon at 20°C, 19.4 cm/s for shovelnose sturgeon and 15.0 cm/s for pallid sturgeon at 10°C). Free swimming (swimming without contact with the substrate) was observed less than 18% of the time at speeds greater than 15 cm/s. As speed increased, pallid sturgeon swam significantly less in the water column at 20°C; however, speed had no effect on percent free swimming among shovelnose sturgeon at 20°C. The results of this study indicate that, over the temperature and size range tested, shovelnose sturgeon and pallid sturgeon probably do not segregate in rivers due to different swimming or station-holding abilities
Hatchery
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Acipenseriformes consists of 27 species, most of which are endangered. Although they have very high values in scientific research and economy, little is known about their phylogenetic relationship and evolution. In this research ,7 primer pairs were designed to amplify the sequences of mitochondrial DNA from the alcohol-preserved fin rays or muscles of eight species of Acipenseriformes by means of polymerase chain reaction technique .They are Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), European huso sturgeon (Huso huso), Siberian huso sturgeon (H.dauricus), Chinese sturgeon (A.sinensis), Amur sturgeon (A.schrenckii), River sturgeon (A. dabryanus), sturgeon (A.baerii), Green Sturgeon(A.mediros), Shortnose sturgeon(A.breviro), Russian sturgeon(A.guelden), Adriatic sturgeon(A.naccarii)and Star sturgeon(A.stellatus).The fragments amplified by the 7 prime pairs were marked as seg1,seg2,seg3,seg4,seg5,seg6 and seg7,the lengths of which were 3?kb,2.6?kb,2?kb,2.4?kb,2.2?kb,2.5?kb and 2?kb, respectively. Their total length almost covered 97% of the complete sequences of the mitochondrial genome. The cleavage of seg4 by HaeⅢ produced 19 fragments,while CfoⅠ had no cleavage site on seg2.The numbers of DNA electrophoresis bands produced by each amplified fragment were as follows: 42 for seg1,24 for seg2,27 for seg3,47 for seg4,36 for seg5,33 for seg6 and 24 for seg7. All the segments had differences except seg2 and seg7,which were cut by CfoⅠ.From the data above,it can be seen that,seg4 obtained the most abundant DNA bands, and seg1 the second most, while the other segments obtained less without the inclusion of D-loop-containing seg6. This indicates that the genes encoding several subunits of NADH dehydrogenase (ND1, ND2, ND4, ND5 and ND6) have rather large variations in base number and higher rate of evolution, while those coding for the three subunits of cytochrome c oxidase (COⅠ, COⅡ, COⅢ) have rather small variations and slower rate. Of the 24 DNA electrophoresis bands obtained by the two rRNA genes in the eight species, only 14 showed differences, having the smallest variations. This indicates that rRNA genes are the most conservative in the evolution of mtDNA of Acipenseriformes.Of the eight species, the genetic distance between A.sinensis and A.dabryanus is 0.005?8,the smallest one, while that between P.gladius and A.naccari is 0.048?5, the largest one. The UPGMA molecular phylogenetic tree of the eight species constructed on the genetic distance was divided into two large branches: P.gladius and P.spathula formed a branch, whereas the other species another one. The latter was divided into two small ones: A.sinensis and A.dabryanus formed a small one, the other 4 sturgeon species another small one. However, H.huso and H.dauricus did not get together.This study supports the research results on sequence analysis of ND4L-ND4 genes, but does not conform with those of analysis of 12 S and 16 S rRNA gene sequences and part of cytochrome b gene sequence. Besides, our results support the conclusion from all the molecular data, i.e., the extant two Huso sturgeon species cannot be classified as a separate Huso. However, the genetic distance between P. gladius and P.spathula, which belong to two different genera, is smaller than that among the species of Acipenser. This may be relevant to the endonucleases used in this experiment. More endonucleases should have beed used so to provide more convenient conditions for researches on the genetic structures of mtDNA and sequencing the complete mt genome of Acipenseriformes.
Huso
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The article presents the comparative results of the experimental work on studying valuable pure species offspring (white sturgeon, fringebarbel sturgeon) and their interspecies hybrid forms (white sturgeon × fringebarbel sturgeon and fringebarbel sturgeon × white sturgeon) in the early stages of ontogenesis. The tests were carried out in the research and experimental base BIOS (the Astrakhan region) in 2019. The fish-breeding and biological characteristics of the producers of parental species that participated in the crossing to produce reciprocal hybrid forms are presented. The interbreeding scheme was developed. The complex study was conducted at the stage of the early ontogenesis. Observing over eggs development took place at all significant stages of embryogenesis. The survival rates of one-day prolarvae of all experimental groups, in relation to the eggs laid for the incubation, and their weight data became the result of the experiment. The results of the experimental work will help to develop proposals for the exploitation of broodstock producers of pure sturgeon species to produce hybrid offspring, which may have increased growth and survival rates both at the stages of embryogenesis and the active feeding of larvae, and during juveniles rearing, which is a promising factor for commercial aquaculture.
Broodstock
Spawn (biology)
White (mutation)
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Iridovirus
White (mutation)
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Huso
Beluga
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The biochemical compositions and enzymatic activities in eggs and ovarian fluid were investigated in Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii, Siberian sturgeon A.baeri and hybrid sturgeon(Amur sturgeon ♂ × Siberian huso Huso dauricus ♀)by biochemical methods. The results showed that there was significant larger egg diameter in Amur sturgeon and the hybrid sturgeon than in Siberian sturgeon(P0.050). The hybrid sturgeon had significantly greater diameter in the hydrated and hardening eggs than Amur sturgeon, and Siberian sturgeon(P 0.05). The maximal glutamate-oxaloacetate(GOT, 2.83 U·g-1), acid phosphatase(ACP, 0.69 U·g-1),and alkaline phosphatase(AKP, 0.81 U·mg-1) was observed in the eggs of the hybrid sturgeon, without significant differences among the three sturgeon, except the significantly higher SDH activity in eggs of Amur sturgeon and significantly higher ACP activity in ovarian fluid of the hybrid(P0.05). There were significant differences in composition of protein, trace elements and vitamins and activities of enzymes in egg and ovarian fluid among the three sturgeon species. There was higher Fe content in eggs in Siberian sturgeon than that in Amur sturgeon and the hybrid sturgeon. In ovarian fluid, however, levels of Fe and Zn were found undetectable in Siberian sturgeon. There was significantly lower Vc content in ovarian fluid in Siberian sturgeon than that in Amur sturgeon and the hybrid(P0.05). The significant differences in SDH, and ACP activities and Fe and Vc contents in eggs and ovarian fluid indicate that the differentnutrition should be provided during sturgeon broodstock cultivation.
Huso
Lake sturgeon
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