The role of hydraulic lift in tomato yield and fruit quality under different water and salt stresses
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In an arid region, water shortage limits agricultural development, and worse, soil salinization is accompanied by soil moisture drought. In this region, hydraulic lift occurs due to the drying upper layer caused by high precipitation and the wet lower layer. Hydraulic lift is defined as water redistribution from wetter, deeper soil layers to drier, shallower soil layers near the soil surface through the plant roots. To examine the effects of water and salt stresses on tomato yield and fruit quality under the condition of hydraulic lift, a 2year experiment was conducted. Different water and salt treatments were designed, including three water levels (W1, W2 and W3 indicating soil moisture contents of 60%–70%, 50%–60% and 40%–50% of the field capacity, respectively) and four salt levels (S0, S1, S2 and S3 indicating NaCl addition of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% of the dry soil weight, respectively) of the upper pot, and water and salt levels of control treatment (CK) were W1 and S0, respectively. The yield under other treatments significantly decreased by 4.59%–58.39% and 5.12%–62.96% in 2018 and 2019, respectively, compared with that under CK, and the yield under W1S1 treatment had no significance with that under CK in 2018. The firmest fruit quality was observed in the plant under W3S1 treatment, and the percentage increases were 28.67% and 28.89% in both years compared with that under CK. Water, salt stress and their interactions had significant effects on tomato taste quality and vitamin C. Tomato taste quality and vitamin C decreased under the W3 and S3 treatments. In both years, the total magnitudes of hydraulic lift during the entire growth period were higher under the W1S2 treatment (65.20% and 76.06%, respectively) than that under CK. Whereas yield and total magnitudes of hydraulic lift were significantly both correlated with single fruit weight, single fruit volume, fruit shape index and taste qualities, no correlations were observed between hydraulic lift and yield. Mild waterdeficit and salt stresses could improve tomato quality with negligible yield loss, and hydraulic lift had positive effects on fruit quality. Principal component analysis revealed that the combination of W1 and S1 treatments increased fruit quality and total hydraulic lift magnitudes with an acceptable yield decline. These results are important for tomato production in arid saline-alkali region where hydraulic lift is positively corelated with fruit quality and famers may consider this trait to resist drought and soil salinization. Future studies focusing on the effects of the internal mechanisms of hydraulic lift caused by changes in sap flow on tomato quality and yield are warranted.Keywords:
Lift (data mining)
본 연구에서는 노인 인구의 급격한 증가로 인해 노인들의 건강과 복지의 중요성이 강조됨에 따라 고령자들의 일상생활에서 안전사고를 줄이기 위해 개발된 리프트 체어의 효과를 보고자 진행되었다. 사용된 리프트 체어는 Lift Care AFC-900로 승·하강이 가능하며 최대 하강 시 바닥까지 도달하도록 설계된 의자이다. 실험 전 고령자들의 체력 수준을 확인하고 청년 피험자와 비교하기 위해 기초체력평가를 실시하였고, 리프트 체어 사용 유무에 따른 근육 사용량을 비교하기 위해 근전도를 측정하였다. 기초체력 평가에서 고령피험자들은 청년피험자 대비 신체 사이즈와 신체 구성에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않으나 민첩성, 순발력, 악력(근력)에서는 약 50%의 저하된 수준을 보였다. 또한 근전도 측정을 통한 리프트 체어 사용 유무에 따른 근육 사용량을 비교해보았을 때, 상·하지 근육사용량이 평균적으로 약 27% 감소됨을 보였다.
위의 결과를 통해 리프트 체어는 대체로 좌식생활을 많이 하는 고령자들이 노화로 근력이 약해져 침대나 소파에 올라가기 힘든 일상생활에서 많은 근력을 사용하지 않아도 쉽게 이동을 할 수 있다는 점에서 도움이 되었다는 것을 알 수 있었다.
위의 결과를 통해 리프트 체어는 대체로 좌식생활을 많이 하는 고령자들이 노화로 근력이 약해져 침대나 소파에 올라가기 힘든 일상생활에서 많은 근력을 사용하지 않아도 쉽게 이동을 할 수 있다는 점에서 도움이 되었다는 것을 알 수 있었다.
Lift (data mining)
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Reactions of aryl diazonium salts with formaldoxime and acetaldoxime at room temperature gave p-acetylbenzaldehyde (1a) (Yield 25%), p-acetaminobenzaldehyde (1b) (Yield 50%), p-Bromoacetophenone (1c) (Yield 60%), p-nitroacetophenone (1d) (Yield 64%), o-chlorobenzonitrile (2a) (Yield 50～57%) and 2, 4-dinitrobenzonitrile (2b) (Yield 54～64%).Reaction of p-acetaminobenzaldehyde (1b) with aminothiourea gave (TB I) (4). Yield 90%, m. p. 223～224℃.
Diazonium Compounds
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The theta correspondence has been an important tool in studying cycles in locally symmetric spaces of orthogonal type. In this paper, we establish for O(p,2) an adjointness result between Borcherds' singular theta lift and the Kudla-Millson theta lift. We extend this result to arbitrary signature by introducing a new Borcherds lift for O(p,q). On the geometric side, this lift can be interpreted as a differential character in the sense of Cheeger and Simons.
Lift (data mining)
Signature (topology)
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A$1 plastic helicopter toy (called a Wacky Whirler) can be used to demonstrate lift. Students can make basic measurements of the toy, use reasonable assumptions and, with the lift formula, estimate the lift, and verify that it is sufficient to overcome the toy's weight.
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This paper has discussed the effect of different effects on the esterification yield of Fmoc-Tyr(t-Bu)-OH and Wang resin in symmetrical anhydride method, active ester method and 2,6-dichlorobenoyl chloride (DCB) method, respectively. The yield was lowest in symmetrical anhydride method; however, the yield was improved by other two methods. In active ester method, the yield was beyond 90% in DMA, THF, DCM and 45%DMF/THF with small amount of HOBt after 5h; While in DCB method, the highest yield was 99%, which was achieved by THF after 3h. In general, DCB method was the best method of esterification of Fmoc-Tyr(t-Bu)-OH and Wang resin.
Peptide Synthesis
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Abstract Based on a 1H and 31P nmr study of the interactions of alkyl-phosphonyl dichlorides, RP(O)Cl2, with dialkyl alkylphosphonates, RP(O)(OR)2, a method was developed for the preparation of CH3P(O)Cl2 (R [dbnd] CH3) in 98% yield. This method consists of the slow addition of the phosphonate to an excess of refluxing SOCl2, thus suppressing irreversible side reactions. For R [dbnd] C2H5, a yield of 72% was achieved; for R [dbnd] C4H9 and ClCH2CH2 pure product could not be isolated.
Phosphonate
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2-Amino-6-alkoxypurine is an important intermediate of nucleotide.From guanine,through acylation,chloridization and hydrolysis,2-amino-6-chloropurine(Ⅱ,75.8% yield) was obtained Reaction of Ⅱ with a series of so dium alkoxides gave 2-amino-6-methoxypurine(Ⅲa,96.5% yield),2-amino6-ethoxypurine(Ⅲb,79.6% yield),2-amino-6-isopropoxypurine(Ⅲc,73.2% yield) and 2-amino-6-triflouroethoxypurine(Ⅲd,49.8% yield).The products were characterized by elementary analysis,~1HNMR,MS and IR.Ⅲd was studied emphatically,and the best reaction conditions were:n(Ⅱ)∶n(NaOCH_2CF_3)=1∶5,DMSO as solvent,m(DMSO)∶m(Ⅱ)=13∶1,CuI as catalyst,n(CuI)∶n(Ⅱ)=2∶1 and reaction temperature 160 ℃.
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n Pentyl 4′ Cyano Terpheny could be synthesi zd by F C reaction(yield 80%),reduction(yield 60%),iodination(yield 55%)and cya nidation(yield 60%)of terphenyl.In comparison with the old synthetic routes,the temperature of reduction was changed and the purification of the final compound was simplified.Using this method,the progress was shorted,the operation was easy to operated,and the yield was improved.
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