Therapeutic Benefit of CCR2 Antagonism in a Model of Diabetic Nephropathy Suggests a Mechanism of Action Distinct from Nrf2 Activation
Zhenhua MiaoBin ZhaoLinda ErtlVicky ChhinaAlice KumamotoTon DangSimon K. YauKenken LuongPenglie ZhangKathleen M. SullivanIsrael CharoThomas J. Schall
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Miao, Zhenhua; Zhao, Bin N.; Ertl, Linda; Chhina, Vicky; Kumamoto, Alice L.; Dang, Ton H.; Yau, Simon K.; Luong, Kenken; Zhang, Penglie; Sullivan, Kathleen M.; Charo, Israel; Schall, Thomas J. Author InformationKeywords:
Mechanism of Action
Mediator
Antagonistic interactions between herbicides or between herbicides and nonherbicides are common and prevent the use of certain mixtures. Although antagonism is detrimental when it reduces weed control, the degree of antagonism is critical to determine whether a mixture is agronomically useful. If antagonsim is not severe, herbicides with different weed spectrums can be used together to complete the weed spectrum. Antagonism can be beneficial when it increases crop safety. In cases where antagonism significantly reduces control, key factors must be identified and managed to decrease antagonism and increase efficacy. These factors, which include the herbicide rate(s), mode of action, plant species, formulation, adjuvants, timing, stage of growth, and environment, often are complex and poorly understood at the whole plant level. The growing dependence on herbicide mixtures has increased the practical importance of understanding herbicide antagonism.
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The method of mixing equally toxic solutions furnishes the best criterion of antagonism, since we know at the outset just what effect each mixture must have provided there is no antagonism. Mixtures of two equally toxic solutions must have precisely the same effect on growth as the pure solutions themselves, provided that the effects of the salts are additive. If antagonism exists there is an increased growth in the mixtures. The amount of this increase, expressed as percentage of the growth obtained in the pure solutions, is the most satisfactory measure of antagonism. The most reliable results are obtained by the use of uniform material and by taking for measurement only such parts as come into immediate contact with the solution.
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The measurement of antagonism in solutions containing more than two components presents no difficulty as long as we pursue the method of mixing equally toxic pure solutions. Methods are suggested for the graphical expression of antagonism in mixtures of three or more components.
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Oxidative stress is hypothesized to play a role in the development of diabetes with and without nephropathy. In addition, it has been suggested that some metabolic abormalities associated with diabetes may be due to cytokine overproduction. In the light of this knowledge, we aimed to measure MDA levels as a marker of oxidative stress and the IL-6 level in diabetes with and without different stages of nephropathy. Plasma MDA levels in the group of NIDDM patients with advanced nephropathy were significantly higher than in the group of NIDDM patients without nephropathy, which had significantly higher levels compared with the control group. Although IL-6 levels were elevated in diabetic groups with and without nephropathy in comparison with the control, no significant difference was found between patient groups. As a conclusion, oxidative stress may play an important role in diabetes with and without nephropathy, but the IL-6 level may not be useful in the evaluation of diabetic nephropathy.
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The inhibition of 23 strains of actinomycetes by 7 strains of fluorescent pseudomonads and vice versa, on 4 different media, was examined. The antagonism of pseudomonads was more frequent and more intense than that of actinomycetes. Inhibition was observed in pseudomonads and actinomycetes of both kinds of strains, antagonistic and non-antagonistic to Fusarium oxysporum. Some media were more favourable to the antagonism of pseudomonads and others to that of actinomycetes, hence in identical environmental conditions mutual antagonism between the two counter-partners occurred only rarely.
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Abstract The article presents the results of research which describes antagonism between Pb-Zn in selected plant species from the area of Czestochowa – Mirow district (north-western part of the Czestochowa Upland). There were analyzed changes in the ratio of Pb/Zn in different organs of the tested plants as a function of the Zn content changes. The content of metals in the plants and the soil was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry AAS. In all organs of the plants there was observed antagonistic decrease of Pb uptake and accumulation, resulting from the increase in the concentration Zn. Antagonism between Zn and Pb in roots of the tested plants occurred at Zn content of 200–600 μg/g. In turn, antagonism in stems and flowers occurred at lower contents of zinc (100–180 μg/g). In leaves, antagonism between Pb and Zn occurred when Zn was present at the level of 300–800 μg/g. Ex definition of the analyses confirm the presence of antagonism of lead with regard to high levels of Zn. The study also confirmed that the degree of antagonism depends on the plant species.
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