Utilizing Rapid Hydrogen Peroxide Generation from 6-Hydroxycatechol to Design Moisture-Activated, Self-Disinfecting Coating
Fatemeh RazaviamriSneha SinghJames ManuelZhongtian ZhangLynn M. ManchesterCaryn L. HeldtBruce P. Lee
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A coating that can be activated by moisture found in respiratory droplets could be a convenient and effective way to control the spread of airborne pathogens and reduce fomite transmission. Here, the ability of a novel 6-hydroxycatechol-containing polymer to function as a self-disinfecting coating on the surface of polypropylene (PP) fabric was explored. Catechol is the main adhesive molecule found in mussel adhesive proteins. Molecular oxygen found in an aqueous solution can oxidize catechol and generate a known disinfectant, hydrogen peroxide (HKeywords:
Catechol
Autoxidation
Disinfectant
Autoxidation
Sunflower oil
Peroxide
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Objective To compare the germicidal efficacy of three hydrogen peroxide compound disinfectants.Methods Suspension quantitative germicidal test and field test were used to observe the germicidal efficacy and stability of three hydrogen peroxide compound disinfectants.Results The average killing logarithm values of Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans exposed to hydrogen peroxide glutaraldehyde compound disinfectant for 20 min were 3.12,3.02,2.08 respectively;exposed to hydrogen peroxide benzalkonium bromide compound disinfectant for 20 min were 6.98,6.20,5.03 respectively;exposed to hydrogen peroxide polyhexamethylene biguanidine compound disinfectant for 20 min were 6.16、5.96、5.08 respectively and exposed to 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant for 30 min were 2.99,2.62,1.65 respectively.Conclusion The three kinds of compound disinfectants have better germicidal efficacy than hydrogen peroxide disinfectant alone.The hydrogen peroxide polyhexamethylene biguanidine compound disinfectant has the best germicidal efficacy.
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Glutaraldehyde
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Controlling biofilm growth in drinking and wastewater pipelines has attracted considerable scientific and technological attention over recent years. In this work, we have examined the biofilm control effectivity of a combined disinfectant comprised of hydrogen peroxide and silver ions. The performance of the combined disinfectant was compared to the effectivity of each of the ingredients alone and to the effectivity of chlorine disinfectant. Biofilm growth was investigated on uncoated and CaCO3 coated galvanized iron samples over prolonged exposure duration. It was found that the CaCO3 film does not significantly affect biofilm development. A combination of hydrogen peroxide and silver ions (30 ppm hydrogen peroxide and 30 ppb silver ions) were as effective in preventing film growth as hydrogen peroxide alone (30 ppm). Both compositions showed significant biofilm prevention effectivity as compared to silver ions alone. Biofilm prevention effectivity of chlorine (approximately 1 ppm) was considerably higher than that of the combined disinfectant. The bacteria that survived after 48 hours disinfection with hydrogen peroxide and the combined disinfectant showed high catalase activity hinting that hydrogen peroxide and the combined disinfectant may have a rather limited effectivity in continuous operation.
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The autoxidation of ketones and esters in aprotic solvents containing strong bases such as alkoxides was investigated extensively. Attention was paid to the autoxidation of other weakly acidic substrates such as nitriles, Schiff bases, and phenylhydrazones. The primary products are the α-hydroperoxides, which can be isolated in high yields when the oxidation is carried out at low temperatures, thus preventing their decomposition.The first step of the reaction is ionization of the substrate to yield a resonance-stabilized anion, which subsequently reacts with oxygen.A kinetic study showed that in some cases the oxidation is of the first order in anion and in oxygen, whereas in other cases (e.g., aliphatic esters) the ionization is the rate-determining step. Both oxidation and ionization show low activation energies (<10 kcal mol–1) in aprotic systems. Arguments are advanced for a non-radical mechanism involving interaction of anion and O2 to yield the hydroperoxide anion in one step. By considering the energies of the different steps involved it is shown that the autoxidation is favoured by the substrate being a weak acid as well as having a low C–H bond strength.
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OBJECTIVE To study the bleaching action of the different concentration of 84 disinfectant and hydrogen peroxide solution for human dry short bone. METHODS Similar volume of human dry carpal and tarsal bone was immersed in different concentration of 84 disinfectant and hydrogen peroxide solution and the result of bleaching action was carefully observed after 10 days. RESULTS The 84 disinfectant had better bleaching action, but had higher corrosiveness to the bone and the bone became loose, fragile and apt to break when over 15 % of concentration. The hydrogen peroxide solution had inferior bleaching action, but damage for the bone was less. CONCLUSION The 84 disinfectant solution is unfit for bleaching the short bone, so hydrogen peroxide solution is bleaching agent for the short bone in common use.
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Objective To study the disinfection properties of a compound hydrogen peroxide hand-disinfectant. Methods Suspension quantitative test and physical and chemical method were used to observe the germicidal efficacy and stability of this compound disinfectant. Results This compound disinfectant contained 15.5g/L hydrogen peroxide and 20%(v/v) alcohol.The killing logarithm values of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to this compound disinfectant containing 10.85 g/L hydrogen peroxide for 1 min and 0.5 min respectively were ≥5.00.That of Candida albicans exposed to this compound disinfectant containing 12.40 g/L hydrogen peroxide for 1min was ≥4.00.The killing logarithm value of natural bacteria on hands wiped with this compound disinfectant containing 12.40 g/L hydrogen peroxide for 1 min was 1.00.The content of hydrogen peroxide decreased by 5.81% in average after stored at 37℃ for 90 days in airtight package. Conclusion The compound hydrogen peroxide hand-disinfectant has good germicidal efficacy on vegetative form of bacteria and yeast fungus and has good stability.
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Objective To evaluate the bacteria load and disinfectant efficacy after the opening of rapid hand disinfectant, so as to provide reference for the effective use of rapid hand disinfectant in clinic.Methods Three bottles of rapid hand disinfectant in the same department and at the same time were opened for using,15 samples of these disinfectant were randomly taken at the 1st,10th,20th,30th,and 40th day of opening for bacterial culture,and hand samples disinfected with disinfectant were also taken for bacterial culture.Results At the 1 st day of the opening,the highest bacterial count in disinfectant and disinfected hands were 11 CFU/mL and 6 CFU/cm~2 respectively, but with the prolonged duration of opening of disinfectant,bacterial count in disinfectant and hands increased obviously,which were up to 93.1 CFU/mL and 9.45 CFU/ cm2 respectively.Conclusion Rapid hand disinfectant should be used within 30 days after opening;for the department without enough staffs,small-packaged rapid hand disinfectant is suggested to avoid waste and contamination.
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The autoxidation of six esters, neopentyl butanoate, 2,2-dimethylpropanoate, 3,3-dimethylbutanoate, 2,2-dimethylbutanoate, 2-methylbutanoate and 1,1-[2H2]-neopentyl butanoate, has been studied at 438 K. The reaction products were determined for each system and key reactions leading to the formation and further reactions of the primary products have been identified.
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The inactivation efficiencies of silver ions, hydrogen peroxide and their combination was studied as part of a performance evaluation of the combined disinfectant for drinking water applications. The major advantages of such combined disinfectant include, low toxicity of its components, long lasting residual effect and low disinfection by product formation. Specific strains of E. coli (E. coli-B (SR-9) and E. coli K-12) were used in this study as target microorganisms and the separate and combined inactivation efficiencies of silver and hydrogen peroxide were evaluated at different concentrations and exposure durations. Both, silver and hydrogen peroxide exhibited a significant inactivation performance even at concentrations that do not pose any health risk according to the EEC, WHO and the USEPA (the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of silver is 90 ppb, and currently, there is no MCL for hydrogen peroxide but it is approved as a food additive in the USA). Combinations of 1:1000 silver:hydrogen peroxide (w) exhibited higher inactivation performance as compared with each of the disinfectants alone and in some cases a synergistic effect was observed, i.e., the combined disinfectant exhibited higher inactivation performance than the sum of the inactivation levels of the separate disinfectants. Thus, for example, one hour exposure to 30 ppb silver, 30 ppm hydrogen peroxide and their combination yielded 2.87, 0.65 and 5 logs of inactivation respectively. While the rate of inactivation shown by this combined disinfectant, now available commercially in a stabilized formulation is relatively slow, it may well hold promise as a secondary disinfectant providing long lasting residuals and biofilm control required for distribution systems. Its disinfection action may be similar to chloramines, the use of which has been recently outlawed in France and in Germany and which are now under careful scrutiny in other countries due to the formation of undesirable by-products.
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The study of antioxidant effects on the autoxidation products of substrates is very important in elucidating the autoxidation reaction mechanism. In this report, the antioxidant effects of tocopherols on the autoxidation products of methyl linoleate were discussed. Results from analyses of the various autoxidation products from linoleate samples with and without tocopherols showed that the addition of tocopherols did not alter the original autoxidation mechanism of methyl linoleate. However, tocopherols did retard the formation of autoxidation products, derived from methyl linoleate samples, according to their individual antioxidant activities. Therefore, that the antioxidant activities of tocopherols were in the order of α-<γ-<δ-T did not result from the difference of the autoxidation products among methyl linoleate samples with and without added tocopherols.
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