Comparative morphology of male genitalia in antlions (Insecta, Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae), with emphasis on owlflies (Ascalaphinae) and a possible structural evolutionary scenario
Yesenia Marquez‐LópezCaleb Califre MartinsLuis Manuel Guevara-ChumaceroAndrés Ramírez‐PonceAtilano Contreras‐Ramos
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Abstract Male genitalia morphology in Myrmeleontidae has traditionally been insufficiently studied, although it has received increased attention for its diagnostic value in recent times. A neutral terminology has generally been applied in standard taxonomic practice, yet knowledge of an equivalent and stable terminology across taxa based on comparative morphology has been missing. Herein a detailed comparative morphology study with examples from most tribes within Myrmeleontidae, including owlflies (Ascalaphinae), attempts to relate external and internal genital structures based on a proposed groundplan for Neuroptera and Myrmeleontidae. We contend that a groundplan based on 10 abdominal segments, plus vestigial structures from an 11th segment, coherently depicts structural components across myrmeleontid taxa. A gonarcus, an element of Neuropterida amply referred in Neuroptera, is supported to represent the pair of abdominal appendages of segment X medially fused, with gonocoxite and gonostylus components. In most myrmeleontid taxa, basal (gonocoxites) and distal (gonostyli) components separate, with gonostyli positioned posteriorly with respect to gonocoxites, still united with translucent, lightly sclerotized tissue, forming a more or less conical structure, a proposed synapomorphy for the family. Ninth gonostyli are generally reduced (pulvini) and have migrated close to the base of gonarcus (10th gonocoxites). A pelta, also a potential synapomorphy for Myrmeleontidae, derives from paired setose surfaces of the 10th gonostyli, medially positioned (still evident in Bubopsis ). Three structural types of gonarcus are diagnosed for illustrative purposes, as they may represent convergent constructs.Keywords:
Morphology
Abstract The Chrysopidae family is the second most important family in the order Neuroptera. Chrysoperla externa and Chrysoperla argentina are two of the four chrysopid species of economic importance in Argentina. Meiotic studies of the species have indicated that have chromosome numbers of 2n = 12. The objective of this study was to analyze and describe the biology of C. externa and C. argentina chromosomes in terms of the cell cycle and karyotype because of the lack of exhaustive details of the karyotype or mitotic cycle of both species of lacewings. Chromosomes of C. externa were measured at the metaphase stage, C. argentina chromosomes were measured at the end of the mitotic prophase. Chromosomes that exhibited natural banding were paired together. Chromosomes that did not show marked differentiation were grouped according to the criterion of a similar chromosome contribution. The chromosomes are rod shaped without primary constriction with a gradual variation in size. In both species, sex chromosomes exhibited marked dimorphism. The X chromosome is among the largest chromosome pairs and the Y chromosome among the smallest. Chrysoperla externa shows natural chromosome banding that allows three of the six pairs that make up its genome to be distinguished. Chrysoperla argentina only two chromosome pairs exhibit natural banding. In conclusion, this study presents, for the first time, a proposal for nomenclature, identification of the chromosomes and kariotype of C. externa and C. argentina , accompanied by detailed information on their cell cycle.
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The abundance of spedies of Neuroptera was studied in the traditional cultural landscape of Goricko (NE Slovenia). The insects were collected during 1997-1998 and 1999 at 12 different localities. The green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea sensu lato was the most dominant species in the region. This species was the only one found in cultivated fields in Goricko district
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Chrysoperla carnea
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The Neuroptera, as a relic order of the Holometabola, comprise about 6000 extant species across 16 families: i.e. Ascalaphidae, Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Coniopterygidae, Dilaridae, Hemerobiidae, Ithonidae, Mantispidae, Myrmeleontidae, Nemopteridae, Nevrorthidae, Nymphidae, Osmylidae, Psychopsidae, Rhachiberothidae, and Sisyridae. Ascalochrysidae are an enigmatic family within Neuroptera, which is close to Mesochrysopidae but showing the superficial myrmeleontoid appearances. The Myrmeleontidae, commonly known as "antlions", are the most diverse family of Neuroptera, with about 2000 described species worldwide. Nymphidae are generally accepted to be the most basal family in the superfamily of Myrmeleontoidea, and the only myrmeleontoid family known from the Jurassic. Psychopsidae, known as "silky lacewings", are a small relic family within Neuroptera, comprising 27 extant species in five genera, which are restricted in southern Africa, south-eastern Asia and Australia. Fossil psychopsids are diverse, with more than 40 species described up to date.
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Abstract Two new fossil species of Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera) are described from the Middle Jurassic locality at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China: Limnogramma hani n. sp. and Limnogramma mongolicum n. sp. Some venational homologies in Neuroptera are discussed briefly.
Inner mongolia
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Chrysoperla carnea
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The common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) is best-known as bio-control agent. It is mass reared and released for biological control programs against sucking insect pests in Agricultural crops. A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the artificial diets for the rearing of C. carnea was conducted in bio-control laboratory at Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. Different solution concentration of diets i.e.; Brewer yeast, Protein hydrolysate, Honey and Sugar were formulated at different (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 grams) solution concentration with 20 ml water were offered to newly emerged C.carnea adults inside the four liter glass jars to observe different biological parameters. The shortest pre- oviposition period (3.5±0.09c) was recorded on brewer yeast 4 grams then, 2 3 and 5 grams followed by Protein solution and Honey solution whereas; longest pre-oviposition period (4.9±0.36a) was recorded on 1 gram Sugar solution. Moreover, significantly highest (P ≤ 0.05) fecundity and fertility (215.6±6.18a, 194.2±5.55a) respectively were observed on 4 gram brewer yeast then 2, 3 and 5 grams followed by Protein solution and Honey solution. The longest longevity of C.carnea female and male 49.3±2.34a and 39.0±2.08a) respectively was recorded on 4 gram brewer yeast then 2, 3 and 5grams followed by Protein solution, Honey solution., whereas, shortest longevity of female and male (14.6.±1.67cd and 9.6±1.33d) respectively was observed on 1 gram sugar solution. The shortest incubation, larval and pupal duration (3.0±0.33d, 13.3± 0.48d and 4.1±0.10 c ) respectively was recorded on 4 gram brewer yeast then 2, 3 and 5 grams, followed by Protein solution, Honey solution. The longest incubation, larval and pupal duration (4.95±1.20 a, 15.9± 1.50a and 6.7±0.80a) was observed on 1 gram Sugar solution The findings of this study can significantly persuade the better and cheapest artificial diet ingredients for the adult rearing of this predator in the laboratory and brewer yeast is very cheapest having significant role in adult rearing of C. carnea.
Chrysoperla carnea
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The abundance of species of the insect order Neuroptera was studied in the traditionally cultivated landscape of southeastern Turkey. A total of 544 specimens were collected from seven localities during 2000, 2001 and 2002, representing 28 species, 19 genera, and five families ofthe order. Sixteen species were recorded as new for southeastern Anatolia. Chrysopidae and Myrmeleontidae were the best represented families in the region. Neuroptera occurred both in cultivated fields and natural habitats. Species occurrences were evaluated zoogeographically, and some observations and recommendations were made on the species that could be useful for controlling crop pests.
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Abstract Eight species of Neuroptera are recorded from Lord Howe Island: Cryptoscenea obscurior Meinander (Coniopterygidae); Micromus tasmaniae (Walker) (Hemerobiidae); 'Chrysopu’ ramburi Schneider, Chrysopu' sp. (Chrysopidae); Norfolius howensis (Tillyard) (Nymphidae); Myrmeleon pictifrons Gerstaecker, Pseudoformiculeo nubecula (Gerstaecker), Mossegu indecisu (Banks) (Myrmeleontidae). Except for the unnamed Chrysopa sp. which is similar to a group of New Guinea taxa, all are Australian spp. and some (M. tasmaniae, C. ramburi, P. nubecula) are more widespread.
New guinea
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