Clinical effect of equol supplementation in the treatment of desquamative gingivitis with 1-year follow-up
Aki KawamotoNaoyuki SuganoMasako SakaiShouhei OgisawaHiroshi ShiratsuchiKeisuke SekiSoichiro ManakaNaoto YoshinumaShuichi Sato
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Abstract:
Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is characterized by desquamative erosion, edematous erythema, and vesicle formation on the gingiva. Because of its prevalence in women during the pre- and postmenopausal period, its potential association with female hormones has been suggested. Equol is a soy isoflavone metabolite with a chemical structure similar to estrogen. Scientific evidence suggests that equol helps in alleviating menopausal symptoms. This study evaluated the clinical effect of a 12-month equol supplementation as a substitute for estrogen to alleviate DG symptoms.Keywords:
Equol
The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of caries and gingivitis in a selected population of schoolchildren and to examine the relationship between prevalence of the diseases with their oral health behaviours. A total of 39 subjects, aged nine to 11 years, from 147 schoolchildren of a private school in Selangor, Malaysia were examined by two calibrated examiners trained in their own field. The subjects were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Erupted first permanent molars and permanent anterior teeth were examined. Dental caries, Plaque Score and Gingival Index were recorded. Descriptive statistics using frequency distribution were used to analyse the data. Forty-one percent of the subjects presented with more than 75 of total plaque accumulation. Prevalence of caries and gingivitis for the subject population was 18.0 and 31.0, respectively. Caries was found on both the smooth (buccal/lingual/palatal) and occlusal surfaces. Gingivitis, diagnosed around 31.6 of teeth, was found more on the incisors (16.9) than molars (14.7). A relatively higher distribution of gingivitis was found on labial aspect of the incisors (5.5) and palatal/lingual aspect of the molars (4.7). The prevalence of caries and gingivitis in this selected population was low. Certain dentition sites were more susceptible to dental caries and gingivitis. Good toothbrushing habits and regular visits to the dentists do not guarantee the efficacy of plaque removal.
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Background: Periodontitis presents itself in the form of gingivitis or periodontal pockets/periodontitis. Gingivitis always precedes the later, but the reverse may not be true. Dental plaque is the primary etiology for chronic gingivitis. Hence, a regular cleaning is necessary especially in the interdental areas for the removal of plaque and to prevent gingivitis and periodontitis by means apart from the regular brushing. The most common and affordable ways of achieving this are through the use of dental floss. Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of flossing with a waxed dental floss apart from toothbrushing as an effective means to reduce gingival inflammation. Materials and Methods: The study was an open-labeled nonexperimental clinical study. A total of 60 adult patients between 20 and 50 years were selected and randomly assigned to 2 groups – one Group A with only manual toothbrushing (Oral B) and the Group B with manual toothbrushing (Oral B) and flossing with an unwaxed dental floss (Colgate). Both the groups were evaluated at baseline, after 14 days and after 28 days. Gingival index was recorded using the Loe and Sillness index while the gingival bleeding was scored using the Carter and Barnes Bleeding Index. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 20.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Student's "t"-test was carried out. All P < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque accumulation in the Group B compared to Group A, at baseline and after 28 days of evaluation (P < 0.001). There was no significant reduction in the bleeding index for the lingual surfaces between the two groups. The results thus showed that there was a significant reduction in the plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding for Group B compared to Group A. Conclusion: Regular toothbrushing helped to improve the gingival health and reduce the amount of plaque accumulation. Toothbrushing and flossing served better in achieving interdental plaque control and in reducing gingival bleeding.
Dental floss
Dental plaque
Interdental consonant
Bleeding on probing
Gingival inflammation
Dental Prophylaxis
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Equol is produced from daidzein by the action of gut bacteria on soy isoflavones. However, not all people can produce equol, and metabolism differs even among the producers. We aimed to examine the equol producer status in both men and women, and investigate the relationships among the serum and urinary isoflavones as well as to other biomedical parameters. In this study, we measured the equol and daidzein concentrations from the blood and urine of 292 men and 174 women aged between 22 and 88 years by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS). We then analysed the cut-off value for equol producers in both sexes, the relationship of serum and urinary equol concentrations, and other parameters, such as sex, age, endocrine function, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and renal function with regards to equol-producing ability, among the different age groups. Equol producers were defined as those whose log ratio of urinary equol and daidzein concentration or log (equol/daidzein) was -1.42 or higher. Among 466 participants, 195 were equol producers (42%). The proportion of equol producers was larger in women. The cut-off value for equol producers was consistent in both sexes. Positive relationships were noted between serum and urinary equol levels in equol producers of both sexes; however, such a relationship was not detected in nonproducers. Lipid and uric acid abnormalities were more common with non equol producers in both men and women. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in men were significantly lower in equol producers, especially in those in their 40 s. This study suggests a relationship between equol-producing ability and reduced risk of prostate disease as well as positive effects of equol on blood lipids and uric acid levels. However, lack of dietary information and disperse age groups were major drawbacks in generalizing the results of this study.
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Seventy-seven subjects completed a 6-week clinical study designed to determine the effectiveness of wooden interdental cleaners in reducing gingivitis severity, using a recently developed diagnostic technique, the Interdental Bleeding Index. After a baseline examination, all subjects were given a medium toothbrush for use during the duration of the study. No instruction in toothbrushing technique was given. After 14 days, subjects were reexamined, and two balanced groups were formed. One group was instructed to use wooden interdental cleaners once a day in addition to brushing. The other group continued with just their regular toothbrushing, thus serving as the control group. A final examination of gingival bleeding sites was conducted at the end of 6 weeks. The improvement in the gingival health, as measured by the lnterdental Bleeding Index was 8.8% in the brushing-only group, and 52.2% for the group using the wooden interdental cleaners as a supplement to brushing. This represents a highly significant (p < 0.0001) incremental benefit realized by the use of wooden interdental cleaners in addition to toothbrushing to reduce gingival inflammation. With proper instruction, lhe Interdental Bleeding Index could be a valuable tool for dentists and dental hygienists, as well as a patient-motivating device for monitoring gingival health.
Interdental consonant
Bleeding on probing
Gingival inflammation
Dental Prophylaxis
Tooth brushing
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The effects of a chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on plaque and gingivitis were studied among 430 adults in a six‐month clinical trial. Subjects were divided in two comparable treatment groups matched for age, sex, and initial gingivitis severity. Following a thorough oral prophylaxis, they were instructed to rinse twice a day for 30 seconds with 15 ml of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse or a placebo mouthrinse. After three and six months of mouthrinse use, the chlorhexidine group had significantly less gingivitis, gingival bleeding, and plaque accumulation compared to the placebo group. As expected, accumulation of dental calculus and extrinsic dental stain increased in the chlorbexidine group. No significant differences in adverse oral soft tissue effects were observed between the two groups. Since use of oral antimicrobial agents has been reported to produce tooth and tongue stain, gingivitis examinations were done with and without tooth covers to eliminate the potential for examiner bias. Comparable reductions in the Gingival Index scores and gingival bleeding were obtained when the evaluations were conducted with or without the tooth covers. It was concluded that a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse can provide an important adjunct to the prevention and control of gingivitis when used with regular personal oral hygiene procedures and professional care.
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Dental plaque
Antiseptic
Bleeding on probing
Dental Prophylaxis
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of reducing plaque and gingivitis when used as an adjunct to normal oral hygiene routine and regular professional care. METHODS: Eighty-two adult subjects were enrolled into a 6-month, double-blind, controlled parallel-designed clinical study. After being scaled and polished, they were randomized into two groups: essential oil-containing mouthrinse group and placebo mouthrinse group. Everyone rinsed twice a day for 6 months with 20mL mouthrinse. The subjects were provided with a soft nylon toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste and were asked not to use any other mouthrinse during the study. At baseline and at 3- and 6-month, subjects were evaluated for supragingival plaque and gingivitis. SPSS 13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis (student’s t test). RESULTS: At 3- month, the essential oil-containing mouthrinse significantly produced a 9.02% inhibition of supragingival plaque development and a 11.88% inhibition of gingivitis development compared with the control group. At 6-month, the essential oil-containing mouthrinse significantly produced a 16.98% inhibition of supragingival plaque development and a 21.47% inhibition of gingivitis development compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The essential oil-containing mouthrinse demonstrates a significant reduction in dental plaque, gingivitis and enhances overall gingival health compared with using placebo rinse.
Toothpaste
Dental plaque
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Abstract Equol is produced from daidzein by the action of gut bacteria on soy isoflavones. However, not all people can produce equol, and metabolism differs even among the producers. We aimed to examine the equol producer status in both men and women, and investigate the relationships among the serum and urinary isoflavones as well as to other biomedical parameters. In this study, we measured the equol and daidzein concentrations from the blood and urine of 292 men and 174 women aged between 22 and 88 years by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS).We then analysed the cut-off value for equol producers in both sexes, the relationship of serum and urinary equol concentrations, and other parameters, such as sex, age, endocrine function, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and renal function with regards to equol-producing ability, among the different age groups. Equol producers were defined as those whose log ratio of urinary equol and daidzein concentration or log (equol/daidzein) was -1.42 or higher. Among 466 participants, 195 were equol producers (42%). The proportion of equol producers was larger in women. The cut-off value for equol producers was consistent in both sexes. Positive relationships were noted between serum and urinary equol levels in equol producers of both sexes; however, such an association was not detected in nonproducers. PSA levels in men were significantly lower in equol producers (0.8 v.s. 1.0 ng/ml, p=0.004), especially in those in their 40 s (0.82 vs. 1.13 ng/ml, p<0.001) and 60 s (0.64 vs. 1.02 ng/ml, p<0.001).
Equol
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Abstract. Twenty dental students randomly divided into four groups of five participated in this trial. Three weeks of supervised oral hygiene preceded the study in order to ensure a optimum state of gingival health. The gingival condition was assessed by means of the Gingival Index and measurements of gingival exudate. Plaque accumulation was assessed by means of the Plaque Index. Using plaque‐guards, two 21‐day periods were allowed for the induction of localized experimental gingivitis around a lateral incisor and adjacent canine in each jaw. The contralateral areas served as controls. Habitual oral hygiene procedures were maintained in all other areas of the mouth throughout the experimental periods. Following 21 days of localized plaque accumulation in the mandibular experimental areas, mechanical toothcleaning procedures were introduced at intervals of once a day (Group A), once every second day (Group B), once every third day (Group C) and once every fourth day (Group D). Groups A and B regained gingival health in 10 days. The experiment was then repeated in the maxillary experimental areas. Group A, rinsing once daily with chlorhexidine solution regained gingival health in 4 days. The results obtained in the localized experimental gingivitis model were similar to those reported when totally withdrawing oral hygiene.
Gingival inflammation
Dental plaque
Mouth rinse
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Research and clinical evidence indicate that most forms of plaque associated periodontal disease start as inflammatory lesions of the gingiva which if left untreated, may progress and eventually involve and compromise the entire periodontal attachment apparatus of the affected teeth. A study was conducted to assess the effect of a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride on plaque accumulation and gingivitis in comparison with a chlorhexidine mouthrinse alone in a group of school children aged 13-16 years in Bangalore city. This combination alongwith the well established effect of fluoride in the prevention of caries presents an important contribution to dental public health. The results suggest that the chlorhexidine-sodium fluoride mouthrinse potentially possesses a significant effect on inhibition of plaque accumulation and gingivitis. This combination along with the well-established effect of fluoride in the prevention of caries, presents an important contribution to dental public health.
Dental plaque
Sodium fluoride
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