Chromium levels in placental tissue and neural tube defects： Association and mechanistic study
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Hexavalent Chromium
Potassium dichromate
Simultaneous Determination and Selective Determination of Trivalent Chromium and Hexavalent Chromium
In this paper,simultaneous determination and selective determination of trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium were reviewed,the advantages and disadvantages of different measurement methods were analyzed,which had important significance for the research of trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium.
Hexavalent Chromium
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Chromium, a known contact sensitizer, is present at high levels in certain detergent bars (40-50 p.p.m.) sold in India. A concern was whether chromium present in such detergent bars could sensitize users or their use lead to the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. Chromium present in detergent bars was analyzed for its valence state. It was found to be trivalent [Cr (III)] and not hexavalent [Cr (VI)]. An elicitation test on normal volunteers, as well as on volunteers who were sensitive to chromium, was carried out to determine the elicitation potential of chromium (III) in the bars. Of the 48 volunteers who completed the study, 30 did not show any positive response to either potassium dichromate, the positive control, or the detergent bar containing chromium (III). 18 volunteers who were identified as chromium-sensitive showed a positive response to potassium dichromate but not to the detergent bar containing trivalent chromium. This study clearly showed that the detergent bar with 40-50 p.p.m. of trivalent chromium did not elicit any allergic contact dermatitis even in individuals known to be chromium-sensitive. Hexavalent chromium (potassium dichromate) did however, elicit allergic contact dermatitis in these subjects.
Potassium dichromate
Hexavalent Chromium
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The ability of Bacillus sp. MRKV isolated from tannery effluent which shows resistant towards hexavalent chromium potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was evaluated in this study. The bacterial strain was assayed for its reducing ability towards K2Cr2O7. The study revealed that the isolated strain has the ability to reduce the hexavalent chromium and the optimal conditions required for the chromium reduction was also evaluated. The observations infer that the bacterial strains can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes, as they seem to have a great potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to a less toxic trivalent form.
Hexavalent Chromium
Potassium dichromate
Bacillus (shape)
Isolation
Strain (injury)
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Summary Background Chromium coatings on metal alloys can be decorative, and prevent corrosion and metal ion release. We recently showed that handling of a chromium‐containing disc resulted in chromium deposition on the skin. Objectives To examine patch test reactivity to chromium‐coated discs. Methods We included 15 patients: 10 chromium‐allergic patients, and 5 patients without chromium allergy. All were patch tested with potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, nickel sulfate, and nine different metallic discs. The chromium‐allergic patients were also patch tested with serial dilutions of potassium dichromate. Results Positive/weaker reactions were observed to disc B (1 of 10), disc C (1 of 10), and disc D, disc E, and disc I (4 of 10 each). As no controls reacted to any of the discs, the weak reactions indicate allergic reactions. Positive patch test reactions to 1770 ppm chromium(VI) in the serial dilutions of potassium dichromate were observed in 7 of 10 patients. When the case group was narrowed down to include only the patients with a current positive patch test reaction to potassium dichromate, elicitation of dermatitis by both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) discs was observed in 4 of 7 of patients. Conclusions Many of the patients reacted to both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) surfaces. Our results indicate that both chromium(VI) and chromium(III) pose a risk to chromium‐allergic patients.
Potassium dichromate
Patch test
Serial dilution
Potassium chromate
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Chromium permeation studies were performed on full thickness human skin in diffusion cells. All samples were analysed for the total chromium content by graphite furnace Zeeman-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry. Some samples were analysed by an ion chromatographic method permitting the simultaneous determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) as well. The amounts of chromium found in all skin layers were significantly higher when potassium dichromate was applied to the skin compared with chromium chloride or chromium nitrate. Chromium could only be detected in the recipient phase after application of the dichromate solution. Chromium skin levels increased with increasing concentrations of applied chromium salts up to 0.034 M Cr. The amount of chromium in recipient phase and skin layers increased with increasing pH when the applied solution contained potassium dichromate. This was ascribed to a decreased skin barrier function of the skin. The amount of chromium found in all skin layers after application of chromium chloride decreased with increasing pH due to lower solubility of the salt. The % of chromium found in the recipient phase as chromium(VI) increased with increasing total chromium concentration indicating a limited reduction ability of the skin in vitro.
Potassium dichromate
Potassium chromate
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The investigations confirmed the known fact that for skin tests larger amounts of trivalent chromium compounds are necessary than those of potassium dichromate. It was also observed that some patients react to relatively higher Cr VI and lower Cr III concentrations and others vice versa. Chromium nitrate and chloride release and that of potassium dichromate was determined and converted to the chromium content in the concentrations used for skin tests. It was found that Cr III compounds cannot be used for skin tests in a 0,5% concentration if only because they are released in undeterminable amounts. Release of Cr III and potassium dichromate from bases containing the same amount of substance when converted to chromium demonstrated that the different release of Cr III is not an additional cause of the fact that much higher concentrations of Cr III compounds have to be used for patch tests than those of Cr VI compounds.
Potassium dichromate
Potassium chromate
Potassium nitrate
Silver nitrate
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Hexavalent Chromium
Chromium Compounds
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Basic chromium sulphate is the most versatile and common tanning agent in the leather industry. Under certain circumstances, the oxidation of the trivalent chromium salts into the hexavalent compounds, which are used in leather manufacture, is a crucial issue. In this study, different proportions of basic chromium sulphate were used in tanning and re-tanning processes according to a commonly used recipe, and levels of chromium oxide and hexavalent chromium were studied stratigraphically in the cross-section of the leather. It was observed that the levels of chromium oxide and hexavalent chromium in the skins increased in relation to the proportions of basic chromium sulphate used in the process, and that the amounts added in the tanning process had a greater effect on the levels of hexavalent chromium formed in the layers of the skins than did the amounts added in re-tanning.
Hexavalent Chromium
Chromium oxide
Chromium Compounds
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Hexavalent Chromium
Chromium Compounds
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Significant exposure to hexavalent chromium, a metal with broad toxicity potential in humans, has been reported.In order to understand the mechanisms of dermal toxicity induced by hexavalent chromium, global gene expression profiling of human dermal fibroblasts exposed to potassium dichromate was performed.Microarray analysis of the gene expression profile in the fibroblasts treated with potassium dichromate identified significant differential expression of approximately 1,200 transcripts compared with the control cells.Functional categorization of the differentially expressed genes identified the enrichment of genes involved in several cellular processes, including apoptosis and oxidative stress, in the fibroblasts exposed to hexavalent chromium.Induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress in the dermal fibroblasts in response to their exposure to chromium was independently confirmed by additional experiments.The potassium dichromate-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were significantly blocked by the addition of ferrous sulfate, an agent known for its ability to reduce chromium to the insoluble and therefore impermeable trivalent form, to the cell culture medium.Taken together, our data provide insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the dermal toxicity of hexavalent chromium and provide experimental support for the proposed protective role of ferrous sulfate in hexavalent chromium-induced toxicity.
Potassium dichromate
Hexavalent Chromium
Potassium chromate
Chromium Compounds
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