A Scoping Review and Thematic Analysis of the Effects of Tropical Cyclones on Diarrheal Diseases
Szu Yu LinPaul Lester ChuaLei YuanNasif HossainJinyu HeLisa YamazakiLina MadaniyaziChris Fook Sheng NgAurelio Tobı́asMasahiro Hashizume
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Abstract:
Tropical cyclones bring health risks and can trigger outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in affected populations. There are several reviews that mention the relationship between tropical cyclones and diarrheal diseases. However, there is no dedicated review of the current evidence and extent of research on the association between tropical cyclones and diarrheal diseases. We performed a scoping review to thoroughly examine the available literature. We also thematically analyzed the transmission pathways explained in the literature. A total of 96 studies were included. Twenty-three studies quantitatively measured the tropical cyclone–diarrhea associations, with half reporting positive associations. We found that the studies defined and measured tropical cyclone exposure differently and mostly analyzed a single event. The study designs employed were mostly pre-post comparisons that had several limitations affecting internal validity. These differences also prevent the quantitative pooling of evidence. A standardized approach to measuring the association between tropical cyclones and diarrheal diseases can be devised by suggesting the most appropriate exposure definition and modeling.Keywords:
Diarrheal diseases
Tropical disease
Pooling
Waterborne diseases
Diarrheal diseases
A brief description is made of how acute diarrheal diseases, known as gastroenterites, were the cause of diseases and death since the beginning of the Republic. Different results of works carried out by different authors on the mortality due to such diseases is reported. Statistical data show the situation in Latina America according to the criteria of several authors and synthesis is made of the general picture of diarrheal diseases in Cuba, beginning on the decade of 1960. The different causes of these acute diarrheal diseases in our country are analyzed and all the plans and control programs that have been developed up to the presented with the idea of eradicating these diseases are pointed out.
Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases
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"Response to Wang and Hunter: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Self-Reported Diarrheal Disease and Distance from Home to Water Source" published on 04 Mar 2011 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases
Water source
Diarrhoeal disease
Association (psychology)
Tropical disease
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Objective To research the incidence level and epidemic characteristics of other infective diarrhea in Guangxi Region.Methods The other diarrheal cases reported on net were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology in Guangxi Region in 2009～2011.Results 72 384 cases of the other diarrheal diseases were reported in Guangxi Region during 2009 to 2011.The average incidence rate of the other infective diarrheal disease was 50.71/100 000.18 death cases were reported and the average mortality rate was 0.013/100 000.There were cases reported in whole year,but most cases occurred in July and October.So the summer and fall were the peak seasons.Scattered children and the elderly were the higher groups in incidence of other infective diarrheal disease.The incidence of male was higher than that of female.Conclusion The incidence rate of other infective diarrheal disease was still high,so it should be strengthened in supervising and preventing.
Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases
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Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases
Etiology
Disease Control
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Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases
Acute diarrhea
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Diarrheal diseases
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SummaryThe relationship of some general environmental factors to the prevalence of Shigella infections and, more specifically, the effects of the availability of water for washing purposes on shigellosis rates were studied. The areas under observation were divided, either by city blocks, parts of blocks, or premises into groups with similar sanitational features. After each environmental grouping was completed, the infection rates for each of the groups was found.Three conclusions which are applicable to diarrheal disease control were drawn from the results. 1. Areas could be defined by using common sanitational standards to indicate potentials for spread of Shigella organisms. 2. Infection rates of a neighborhood were found to vary with the proportion of poor housing in it. 3. Infection rates were highest where water was least available for personal hygiene. Consequently, availability of water for washing purposes must be considered along with purity of water in any diarrheal disease control program.
Shigellosis
Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases
Personal hygiene
Waterborne diseases
Disease Control
Washing hands
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Diarrheal diseases remain one of the most important public health challenges worldwide. In 2011, Ghana recorded average annual diarrheal cases of 2,218 per 100,000 populations for children under-five with Ashanti region recording the third highest. In the Atwima Nwabiagya District, summary statistics are done without detailed analysis. We analyzed diarrheal surveillance data to determine its pattern and to develop threshold levels for the disease in Atwima Nwabiagya District in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.District level diarrheal morbidity data from January 2009 to December 2013 was extracted from District Health Information Management System II, cleaned and analyzed. Descriptive analysis was done and expressed as frequencies and relative frequencies. Description of the data was done in time, place and person. We calculated diarrhea threshold using the C2 method.Overall, 51,131 cases were reported with 55.2% being females over the five year period. The highest episode of diarrhea by age-group occurred in children under-five during the study period. Changes in disease occurrence did not conform to a seasonal pattern. District analysis showed one outbreak whilst sub-district analysis revealed more than one outbreak.Diarrheal disease pattern did not show a seasonal trend. Only one outbreak was observed at district level but each sub-district, showed more than one outbreak. The highest number of episodes of diarrhea per year occurred in Children under- five. Data analysis should be done at lower levels to inform interventions. Interventions should be targeted towards children under-five years.
Diarrheal diseases
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