Machine learning-based identification of Gaia astrometric exoplanet
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The third Gaia data release (DR3) contains $\sim$170 000 astrometric orbit solutions of two-body systems located within $\sim$500 pc of the Sun. Determining component masses in these systems, in particular of stars hosting exoplanets, usually hinges on incorporating complementary observations in addition to the astrometry, e.g. spectroscopy and radial velocities. Several DR3 two-body systems with exoplanet, brown-dwarf, stellar, and black-hole components have been confirmed in this way. We developed an alternative machine learning approach that uses only the DR3 orbital solutions with the aim of identifying the best candidates for exoplanets and brown-dwarf companions. Based on confirmed substellar companions in the literature, we use semi-supervised anomaly detection methods in combination with extreme gradient boosting and random forest classifiers to determine likely low-mass outliers in the population of non-single sources. We employ and study feature importance to investigate the method's plausibility and produced a list of 22 best candidates of which four are exoplanet candidates and another five are either very-massive brown dwarfs or very-low mass stars. Three candidates, including one initial exoplanet candidate, correspond to false-positive solutions where longer-period binary star motion was fitted with a biased shorter-period orbit. We highlight nine candidates with brown-dwarf companions for preferential follow-up. One candidate companion around the Sun-like star G 15-6 could be confirmed as a genuine brown dwarf using external radial-velocity data. This new approach is a powerful complement to the traditional identification methods for substellar companions among Gaia astrometric orbits. It is particularly relevant in the context of Gaia DR4 and its expected exoplanet discovery yield.Keywords:
Astrometry
Radial velocity
Proper motion
Orbit (dynamics)
Up to now only four brown dwarf companions to normal stars have been found and confirmed by both spectroscopy and proper motion (namely Gl 229 B, G 196-3 B, Gl 570 D, and CoD B). On the basis of an optical spectrum taken with HST/STIS Lowrance et al. (2000) recently pointed out another possible candidate companion. The companion candidate is located at a distance of from the A0-star HR 7329, which is considered as a member of a moving group of young stars in Tucanae located at a distance of only ∼48 pc. In order to confirm or disregard the companion nature of the candidate, we have determined the proper motion of the brown dwarf candidate with an epoch difference of 1.8 years, and found that it is consistent with a co-moving companion of HR 7329. Additional to the proper motion measurement, we have also taken an H-band spectrum using ISAAC on the ESO-VLT. From this spectrum, we conclude that the companion candidate has spectral type M 7 to M 8, which is in agreement with the optical spectrum. We thus conclude that HR 7329 B is most likely a brown dwarf companion. The mass ratio of this pair (A0 to M 7-8, i.e. ∼100:1) is the largest known among brown dwarf companions, which is relevant for studying the formation of brown dwarfs as companions.
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Triple system
Blue dwarf
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We present details of the second part of the Southern Infrared Proper Motion Survey (SIPS). Here accurate relative astrometry allows us to reduce the minimum proper motion to 0.1/yr. This yields 6904 objects with proper motions between our minimum cut and half an arcsecond a year. A small overspill sample with proper motions greater than this is also included. We examine our sample to identify interesting individual objects such as common proper motion binaries, potential L dwarfs and candidate nearby stars. Finally we show our survey is incomplete due to many factors, factors which we will take into account when simulating these survey results in the next paper in this series. (3 data files).
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Proper motion
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Europe's Gaia spacecraft will soon embark on its five-year mission to measure the absolute parallaxes of the complete sample of 1,000 million objects down to 20 mag. It is expected that thousands of nearby brown dwarfs will have their astrometry determined with sub-milli-arcsecond standard errors. Although this level of accuracy is comparable to the standard errors of the relative parallaxes that are now routinely obtained from the ground for selected, individual objects, the absolute nature of Gaia's astrometry, combined with the sample increase from one hundred to several thousand sub-stellar objects with known distances, ensures the uniqueness of Gaia's legacy in brown-dwarf science for the coming decade(s). We shortly explore the gain in brown-dwarf science that could be achieved by lowering Gaia's faint-end limit from 20 to 21 mag and conclude that two spectral-type sub-classes could be gained in combination with a fourfold increase in the solar-neighbourhood-volume sampled by Gaia and hence in the number of brown dwarfs in the Gaia Catalogue.
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Absolute magnitude
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The GPS1 catalog was released in 2017. It delivered precise proper motions for around 350 million sources across three-fourths of the sky down to a magnitude of $r\sim20$\,mag. In this study, we present GPS1+ the extension GPS1 catalog down to $r\sim22.5$\,mag, based on {\it Gaia} DR2, PS1, SDSS and 2MASS astrometry. The GPS1+ totally provides proper motions for $\sim$400 million sources with a characteristic systematic error of less than 0.1\masyr. This catalog is divided into two sub-samples, i.e., the primary and secondary parts. The primary $\sim$264 million sources have either or both of the {\it Gaia} and SDSS astrometry, with a typical precision of 2.0-5.0 \masyr. In this part, $\sim$160 million sources have {\it Gaia} proper motions, we provide another new proper motion for each of them by building a Bayesian model. Relative to {\it Gaia}'s values, the precision is improved by $\sim$0.1\,dex on average at the faint end; $\sim$50 million sources are the objects whose proper motions are missing in {\it Gaia} DR2, we provide their proper motion with a precision of $\sim$4.5\masyr; the remaining $\sim$54 million faint sources are beyond {\it Gaia} detecting capability, we provide their proper motions for the first time with a precision of 7.0 \masyr. However, the secondary $\sim$136 million sources only have PS1 astrometry, the average precision is worse than 15.0 \masyr. All the proper motions have been validated using QSOs and the existing {\it Gaia} proper motions. The catalog will be released on-line and available via the VO-TAP Service, or via the National Astronomical Data Center serviced by China-VO: https://nadc.china-vo.org/data/data/gps1p/f.
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Systematic error
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Abstract We have studied white dwarfs in common proper motion pairs (CPMPs) to improve the semi-empirical initial–final mass relationship of white dwarfs. In this contribution, we report new results obtained from spectroscopic observations of both members of several CPMPs composed of an F, G or K type star and a DA white dwarf.
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White (mutation)
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Brown dwarf research in the next decade will be reliant on extending high-precision astrometry in wavelength and temporal coverage. Future astrometry will enable measures of the low-mass cutoff of star formation, allow for the discovery of cold brown dwarf analogs to cold (exo)planets, and enable mass measurements for single and binary systems .
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Europe's Gaia spacecraft will soon embark on its five-year mission to measure the absolute parallaxes of the complete sample of 1,000 million objects down to 20 mag. It is expected that thousands of nearby brown dwarfs will have their astrometry determined with sub-milli-arcsecond standard errors. Although this level of accuracy is comparable to the standard errors of the relative parallaxes that are now routinely obtained from the ground for selected, individual objects, the absolute nature of Gaia's astrometry, combined with the sample increase from one hundred to several thousand sub-stellar objects with known distances, ensures the uniqueness of Gaia's legacy in brown-dwarf science for the coming decade(s). We shortly explore the gain in brown-dwarf science that could be achieved by lowering Gaia's faint-end limit from 20 to 21 mag and conclude that two spectral-type sub-classes could be gained in combination with a fourfold increase in the solar-neighbourhood-volume sampled by Gaia and hence in the number of brown dwarfs in the Gaia Catalogue.
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Absolute magnitude
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We report proper motion measurements for 25 very-low mass (VLM) star and brown dwarf (BD) candidates of the Ple iades cluster previously identified by Bouvier et al. ([CITE]). Proper motions are measured with an accuracy of 9 mas/yr, compared to an expected tangential motion of about 50 mas/yr for Pleiades members. Of the 25 candidates, 15 have a membership probability of 95% or more and 7 are rejected as being field dwarfs. The 3 remaining candidates exhibit independent evidence for membership (lithium absorption or long-term proper motion). From the firm identification of Pleiades VLM and BD members, the cluster's substellar mass function is revised to in the mass range from 0.04 to 0.3 .
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Initial mass function
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We present the discovery and spectroscopic follow-up of a nearby late-type L dwarf (2M0614+3950), and two extremely wide very-low-mass binary systems (2M0525-7425AB and 2M1348-1344AB), resulting from our search for common proper motion pairs containing ultracool components in the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) catalogs. The near-infrared spectrum of 2M0614+3950 indicates a spectral type L9 ± 1 object residing at a distance of 26.0 ± 1.8 pc. The optical spectrum of 2M0525-7425A reveals an M3.0 ± 0.5 dwarf primary, accompanied by a secondary previously classified as L2. The system has an angular separation of ~ 44″, equivalent to ~ 2000 AU at distance of 46.0 ± 3.0 pc. Using optical and infrared spectra, respectively, we classify the components of 2M1348-1344AB as M4.5 ± 0.5 and T5.5 ± 1. The angular separation of ~ 68″ is equivalent to ~ 1400 AU at a distance of 20.7 ± 1.4 pc. 2M1348-1344AB is one of only six very wide (separation > 1000 AU) systems containing late T dwarfs known to date.
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