STUDIES ON IRON FAMILY ELEMENTS COORDINATION COMPOUNDS WITH CROWN ETHERS Ⅹ.COMPLEXES OF COBALT CHLORIDE AND COBALT NITRATE WITH CROWN ETHERS
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This paper reports the syntheses and properties of the coordination compounds of CoCl2 with dibenzo-24-crown-8, dibcnzo-30-crown-10, 4'-iodobcnzo-15-crown-5 and 4'-bromobenzo-15-crown and the coordination compounds of Co(NO3)2 with benzo-15-crown-5,4'-iodobenzo-15-crown-5 and 4'-bromobcnzo-15-crown-5. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV, DTA-TG and X-ray powder diffraction analysis as well as the molar conductance measurements.Keywords:
Cobalt chloride
The effect of various amounts of intravenously injected stable cobalt chloride upon the retention pattern of a tracer dose was studied in mice. Cobalt levels ranged from 2 x 10/sup -4/ to 33 mg/kg body weight. First-order kinetic analysis indicated that, as the dose of cobalt was increased, the long-term retention component had a slower rate of loss from the body and represented a smaller fraction of that injected. This ''carrier effect'' represents a satisfactory explanation of the retention parameters observed when the same total cobalt dose was administered to mice, rats, monkeys, and dogs. In that study, the cobalt dosage concentration ranged over a factor of 1300 between rodents and large animals. The results presented here emphasize the effect of administered quantity upon the metabolic pattern of a substance.
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Cobalt chloride reacts with 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol in ethanol to form a novel complex which is shown to be dichloro-bis-(1-phenylazo-2-naphthol)cobalt(II). The latter is also formed when bis-(1-phenylazo-2-naphtholato)cobalt(II) reacts with 2 mol. of hydrogen chloride. o-Hydroxydiarylazo-compounds react with cobalt acetate to give neutral cobalt(II) complexes having 2 : 1 stoicheiometry and tetrahedral geometry, and with sodium tris(carbonato)cobaltate(III) to form neutral cobalt(III) complexes having 3 : 1 stoicheiometry. The interconversion of a number of the complexes is described and they are compared with cobalt complexes of N-arylsalicylideneimines.
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Cobalt chloride reacts with N-phenylsalicylideneimine in ethanol to form a green complex which is shown to be tris-[2-(N-phenylaminomethylene)cyclohexa-3,5-dien-1-one]cobalt(II) chloride. This green complex is also formed when bis-(N-phenylsalicylideneiminato)cobalt(II) reacts with two mol. of hydrogen chloride and one mol. of the ligand. On treatment with base the green complex is deprotonated and loses one molecule of the ligand to give bis-(N-phenylsalicylideneiminato)cobalt(II). A scheme for the formation of tris-[2-(N-phenylaminomethylene)cyclohexa-3,5-dien-1-one] cobalt(II) chloride is suggested and some intermediate complexes in this scheme are described. The Schiff's bases from o-, m-, and p-toluidine and o-anisidine give the appropriate bis-[2-(N-arylaminomethylene)cyclohexa-3,5-dien-1-one]cobalt(II) chloride rather than 3 : 1 complexes.
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In sensitized subjects, minimum eliciting levels of cobalt were estimated using patch tests with aqueous cobalt chloride on both normal skin and on skin pretreated in various ways to enhance penetration and reactivity. 6 reacted to 10,000 ppm and 1 gave an equivocal reaction to 1000 ppm aq. cobalt. Pretreatment of the patch test site for 24 h with surfactant enhanced reactivity, reducing the minimum eliciting concentration to 1000 ppm cobalt chloride in 1 subject, to 100 ppm in 2 subjects, and in 3 subjects to 10 ppm aqueous cobalt chloride. No reactions were obtained at 1 ppm. EDTA was effective in reducing the response to aqueous cobalt.
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Tissue content and excretion of cobalt was investigated in mice and rats following the injection of various doses of cobalt chloride.1. To determine the injection dose, female mice were injected subcutaneously and male mice intraperitoneally with cobalt chloride, and LD50 of 40.8mg/kg in female and 36.7mg/kg in male mice were obtained.2. Male and female mice were injected subcutaneously with 5, 10 and 20mg/kg, each equivalent to 1/8, 1/4; and 1/2; of LD50, of cobalt chloride six days a week for 64 days.Body weight increased only in male mice injected with a dose of 5mg/kg in comparison with control group. Polycythemia was observed only in female mice treated with various amount of cobalt chloride. The relative wet weight of the heart, lungs and liver incresed, while the relative dry weight of these organs decreased, which suggest that cobalt acted to increase the water content of these organs. The testes, however, decreased markedly in relative wet weight, which may indicate the presence of damage in testes following cobalt treatment.The amount of cobalt accumulated in various organs in mice treated with 5 or 10mg/kg showed no significant increase proportional to the treatment period between groups treated for 15days and those for 64 days. The amount of accumulated cobalt in the liver and kidneys was not in proportion to the injected doses. A huge accumulated dose of cobalt in the liver and kidneys suggest that administered cobalt was transported by blood stream to the liver and excreted through the kidneys, while large amount of injected dose has been excreted rapidly.3. The urinary excretion and fecal output of cobalt was investigated for 7 days in rat treated with a single injection of 40mg/kg. The cobalt content of treated animals was highest in the liver followed by the kidneys, heart, spleen and lungs, while in normal control rats the order was liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs and heart. A remarkable high content was noted in the heart of cobalt-treated rats. The injected cobalt was excreted mainly in the urine: approximately 22% was excreted during 24 hours after injection, and 45% was excreted during the first week, while fecal output was only 15% during the first week. Accordingly 60% of the injected dose was excreted during the first week.A single cobalt injection caused a marked decrease of the copper content of the liver, kidneys and spleen, and there was an associated increase in the urinary excretion of copper. These findings suggest that cobalt and copper may replace each other in these organs and that cobalt may affect copper metabolism in the animal.
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cobalt nanoparticles are synthesized by the reduction of cobalt salts by a reducing agents in presence of BSA. Here the cobalt salt used is cobalt chloride and the reducing agent is sodium borohydride
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Abstract Background In Sweden, cobalt chloride 0.5% has been included in the baseline series since the mid‐1980s. A recent study from Stockholm showed that cobalt chloride 1% petrolatum (pet.) was more suitable than 0.5%. Cobalt chloride at 1.0% has been patch tested for decades in many European countries and around the world. Objectives To study the suitability of patch testing to cobalt 1.0% vs 0.5% and to analyze the co‐occurrence of allergy to cobalt, chromium, and nickel. Results Contact allergy to cobalt was shown in 90 patients (6.6%). Eighty (5.9%) patients tested positive to cobalt 1.0%. Thirty‐seven of the 90 patients (41.1%) with cobalt allergy were missed by cobalt 0.5% and 10 (0.7%) were missed by cobalt 1.0% ( P < .001). No case of patch test sensitization was reported. Allergy to chromium was seen in 2.6% and allergy to nickel in 13.3%. Solitary allergy to cobalt without nickel allergy was shown in 61.1% of cobalt‐positive individuals. Female patients had larger proportions of positive reactions to cobalt ( P = .036) and nickel ( P < .001) than males. Conclusion The results speak in favor of replacing cobalt chloride 0.5% with cobalt chloride 1.0% pet. in the Swedish baseline series, which will be done 2021.
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Objective
To explore the toxicity and biological activity of cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) on osteoclasts, and to analyze the relationship between cobalt nanoparticles and osteolysis.
Methods
From November 2014 to July 2015, RAW264.7 cell was induced to osteoclastlike cell by LPS. Different concentrations of cobalt nanoparticles and cobalt chloride were added, and the cell morphology was observed under a microscope. 24 h after induction on RAW264.7, cells were grouped in- to cobalt nanoparticles group (10, 20, 50, 100 μmol/L), cobalt chloride group (10, 20, 50, 100 mol/L) and control group. MTT assessment and Q-PCR were performed at 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h post-treatment.
Results
With the increase of concentration (10, 20, 50, 100 μmol/L) and the action time (2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h), the inhibition rate of cobalt nanoparticles and cobalt chloride on osteoclast like cells was significantly increased, and the inhibition rate of cobalt nanoparticles was higher. With different concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100 μmol/L) of CoNPs and cobalt chloride, the relative expression of CAII, Cat K gene mRNA expression decreased compared with the control group, when the concentration of CoNPs was in the range of 10-50 μmol/L, the relative expression of CAII and Cat K was increased, which was reduced in cobalt chloride group.
Conclusion
Different concentrations of cobalt nanoparticles and cobalt chloride can inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts, and cobalt nanoparticles is more pronounced, when the concentration of cobalt nanoparticles was 10-50 μmol/L, the relative expression of osteoclasts CAII, Cat K increaseed, which was suppressed at the same concentration of cobalt chloride.
Key words:
Osteoclasts; Cobalt; Toxic actions
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