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Andrei BarbuAlexander BridgeZachary BurchillDan CoroianSven DickinsonSanja FidlerAaron MichauxSam MussmanN. SiddharthDhaval SalviLara SchmidtJiangnan ShangguanJeffrey Mark SiskindJarrell WaggonerSong WangJinlian WeiYifan YinZhiqi Zhang
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We present a system that produces sentential descriptions of video: who did what to whom, and where and how they did it. Action class is rendered as a verb, participant objects as noun phrases, properties of those objects as adjectival modifiers in those noun phrases, spatial relations between those participants as prepositional phrases, and characteristics of the event as prepositional-phrase adjuncts and adverbial modifiers. Extracting the information needed to render these linguistic entities requires an approach to event recognition that recovers object tracks, the trackto-role assignments, and changing body posture.Keywords:
Adverbial
Specifier
Verb phrase
Event structure
Endocentric and exocentric
Abstract The present study investigated the canonical position of instrumental and locative adverbial phrases in both Japanese sentences and noun phrases to determine whether the canonical positions are parallel. A series of sentence/phrase decision tasks were used to compare sentences with different word-orders, including sentences with S Adv OV (S is subject phrase, Adv adverb, O object phrase and V verb), Adv SOV, S Adv OV and SO Adv V word orders. S Adv OV word order was found to be the most quickly processed, for both instrumental adverbial (Experiment 1) and locative adverbial phrases (Experiment 2). Thus, the canonical position for these adverbial phrases is identified as the position immediately preceding the object (Theme argument). This finding was replicated when the same experimental methods were applied to event-denoting noun phrases. Adverbial adjuncts in the initial position ( Adv ON, N is noun phrase) were processed more quickly and accurately than noun phrases with adverbial phrases in the second position (O Adv N), for both instrumental adverbial (Experiment 3) and locative adverbial phrases (Experiment 4). Therefore, the position immediately preceding the object is the canonical position for both instrumental and locative adverbial phrases in sentences and in noun phrases. In conclusion, this indicates that the base structure of a sentence is shared by its related noun phrase.
Adverbial
Locative case
Specifier
Verb phrase
Determiner phrase
Word order
Phrase
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The article studies the process of phrase-building of procedural phraseological units by the structure extension of qualitative-adverbial units through joining them to a verb. The author provides a definition of the identified model «verb + qualitative-adverbial phraseological unit» phrase-verbal cluster and describes its properties as those of a transitional phase in phrase-building, distinguishing it from a procedural phraseological unit.
Adverbial
Verb phrase
Phrase
Endocentric and exocentric
Verb phrase ellipsis
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One major concern of syntactic theory has been the identification of the structural position of adjuncts in the clausal architecture with the ultimate goal of explaining their properties in a number of respects. In this paper I concentrate on the analysis of central adverbial clauses, providing evidence that when in initial position they always appear in specifier positions, either in [Spec,TopP], as proposed in Borgonovo and Valmala (2009), or in [Spec,FocP]. Concerning their sentence-final position, I explore the traditional right-adjunction approach to the position of adverbials, the adjunct-in-complement analysis argued for in Larson (1988), Stroik (1990), Kayne (1994), and the adjunct-in-specifier approach defended in Baltin (2004) and Cinque (1999, 2006), showing that Cinque's (2006) analysis is more adequate on both empirical and conceptual grounds.
Specifier
Adverbial
Adjunct
Adjunction
Position (finance)
Complement
Spec#
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This paper described the structure of the verb phrase in Gokana within the framework of Principles and Parameters Theory. The study examined the structure, types and linear order of constituents within the Gokana verb phrase. The study found that the Gokana VP has an abstract SPEC V-bar which serves as a landing site for moved adjuncts from post verbal position to pre verbal position of the Gokana clause. The paper identified the specifier, complement and adjunct as the basic constituents of the verb phrase in Gokana. The paper noted that while complements are obligatory and tightly woven into the structure of the verb with respect to sub-categorization facts of the verb, adjuncts and specifiers are non-obligatory in the canonical structure of the Gokana verb phrase. Thus, the Gokana VP can sometimes occur without specifiers, adjuncts and complements in surface syntax. The study noted that the verb is the head of the Gokana verb phrase. The study identified five subtypes of complements and six subtypes of adjuncts in the Gokana VP. The paper claimed that there is a severe semantic constraint on the linear sequence of adjuncts and recommended a detailed investigation of the order of adjuncts in the Gokana verb phrase.
Specifier
Verb phrase ellipsis
Determiner phrase
Verb phrase
Endocentric and exocentric
Phrase
Adjunct
Reflexive verb
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Through the process mentioned above, we could know that there are various usages of objectives of preposition ‘以’ in the Analects of Confucius and the Discourses of Mencius, when it shifts locations or is omitted. This study aims at figuring out differences of interpretations in cases of the preposition letter ‘以’ used as adverbial, complement, double-syallble phrase, and fixed form, respectively, as well as why the word ‘以’ has appeared through the analysis on partial usages of the preposition letter ‘以’. First, 1) in three usages of ‘以’ used as adverbial, when the phrase of ‘NP+以’ as adverbial one is front of the verb, it emphasizes the object or the condition which action depends on. That is, in order to lay stress on, an objective before ‘以’ should be preposed for such an effect. 2) In case of omission of NP of ‘以’, verb which is not noun is placed behind. In such phrase, we should check if the word before ‘以’ is a verb. If it is not a verb, the used ‘以’ is a preposition. the phrase of ‘以+NP’ used with the objective of ‘以’ is located behind a verb or a verb phrase, indicating purpose of action of the former predicate or its level to reach. In such a situation, objective of ‘以’ can be omitted. 3) In case of adverbial located in back, ‘V+之+以+NP is a fixed form. A noun-type objective or ‘之’ can be located between a verb and ‘以+NP’. The objectives in these phrases consist of one or two syllables. Second, when ‘以+NP’ is used as like complement, its predicative, verb consists of one syllable accompanying an objective or the accompanied objective is one syllable. For objective, most of them are ‘之’ or may be omitted, accompanying its own objective. In addition, 90% of them consists of four letters while the rest 10% consists of five letters. These forms are relatively clean and basic when they are delivered to listeners. Third, for the reason of different usage of 以’, its origin is studied. 以’ was actually a verb but have been developed as a function word with several changes. That is, 以’ becomes a core function word essential to a phrase. The phenomena of 以’ as function word have made various double-syllable phrases and even conjunction developed as fixed form. In Chapter 5 of this study, five conjunctions ‘是以，何以，足以, 所以, and 有以’ developed as double-syllable phrases and fixed forms. For the results, in the Analects of Confucius, 38 conjunction words are used and among the entire prepositions, they are 18% of ‘以’. In the Discourses of Mencius, total 89 conjunction words are used with 14% of 以’. For their frequency of usage, that of the preposition 以’ are higher than that of conjunction words. In addition, for the conjunction word not sufficiently covered by this study will be further studied in future.
Adverbial
Verb phrase
Specifier
Predicate (mathematical logic)
Endocentric and exocentric
Verb phrase ellipsis
Complement
Phrase
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Through the process mentioned above, we could know that there are various usages of objectives of preposition ‘以’ in the Analects of Confucius and the Discourses of Mencius, when it shifts locations or is omitted.BR This study aims at figuring out differences of interpretations in cases of the preposition letter ‘以’ used as adverbial, complement, double-syallble phrase, and fixed form, respectively, as well as why the word ‘以’ has appeared through the analysis on partial usages of the preposition letter ‘以’.BR First, 1) in three usages of ‘以’ used as adverbial, when the phrase of ‘NP+以’ as adverbial one is front of the verb, it emphasizes the object or the condition which action depends on. That is, in order to lay stress on, an objective before ‘以’ should be preposed for such an effect. 2) In case of omission of NP of ‘以’, verb which is not noun is placed behind. In such phrase, we should check if the word before ‘以’ is a verb. If it is not a verb, the used ‘以’ is a preposition. the phrase of ‘以+NP’ used with the objective of ‘以’ is located behind a verb or a verb phrase, indicating purpose of action of the former predicate or its level to reach. In such a situation, objective of ‘以’ can be omitted. 3) In case of adverbial located in back, ‘V+之+以+NP
Adverbial
Verb phrase
Predicate (mathematical logic)
Specifier
Verb phrase ellipsis
Phrase
Endocentric and exocentric
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Citations (0)
We present a system that produces sentential descriptions of video: who did what to whom, and where and how they did it. Action class is rendered as a verb, participant objects as noun phrases, properties of those objects as adjectival modifiers in those noun phrases,spatial relations between those participants as prepositional phrases, and characteristics of the event as prepositional-phrase adjuncts and adverbial modifiers. Extracting the information needed to render these linguistic entities requires an approach to event recognition that recovers object tracks, the track-to-role assignments, and changing body posture.
Adverbial
Specifier
Endocentric and exocentric
Verb phrase
Event structure
Spatial relation
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This research is aimed to identify the types and the status of modifier in VP construction in the articles of Kang Guru Magazine viwed from X – bar analysis by showing the evidence of each status. The object of this research is the
VP construction used in the articles of Kang Guru Magazine.
The method of data collection is documentation. The researcher takes 43 data of Verb Phrase construction in the articles of Kang Guru Magazine on June 2007. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative method. By using this method,
the researcher describes the data by referring the existence of linguistic elements within sentences without counting them statistically. The researcher collects the
data by reading, looking for, classifying, and selecting the data that will be analyzed. The analysis of the data is based on X – bar theory. From the analysis, the researcher finds that (1) four types of modifiers in VP construction based on the distribution; they are: a) Adverbial Phrase (ADVP), b) Noun Phrase (NP), c) Verb Phrase (VP), d) Prepositional Phrase (PP). (2) The status of modifiers, there are fifteen forms of VP construction, they are: VP V + PP (Optional) + PP (Optional), VP V + NP (Obligatory) + ADVP (Optional), VP Specifier (Optional) + V + VP(Optional), VP Specifier (Optional) + V + VP (Optional) + PP (Optional), VP V + VP (Optional) + NP (Optional), VP V + VP (Optional) + PP (Optional), VP V + VP (Optional), VP Specifier (Optional) + V + NP (Obligatory), VP V + NP (Obligatory), VP V + NP (Obligatory) + PP (Optional), VP Specifier (Optional) + V + PP (Obligatory) + PP (Optional), VP Specifier (Optional) + V + PP (Optional), VP Specifier
(Optional) + V + PP (Optional), VP V + PP (Optional), and VP V + ADVP (Optional). The researcher also gives the evidence of each status of modifier in VP construction.
Specifier
Adverbial
Verb phrase
Phrase
Endocentric and exocentric
Determiner phrase
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The aim of this work is to contribute to the deeper insight into the internal structure of nominal phrase and the typology of its derivation. After sketching the general theoretical framework in the first chapter and after giving an overview of various types of nominals and distinct approaches to their analysis in chapter 2, I focus on one particular group of deverbal nominals in Czech, namely event-denoting nominals in -(e)ni/ti. Chapters 3 and 4 present an in depth investigation of verb-like versus noun-like properties of these nominals. Finally, in chapter 5 I provide the account of Czech -(e)ni/ti nominals in terms of an articulated functional architecture. My basic argument will be that a proper analysis of eventive nominals necessitates the presence of the extended VP (including VoiceP/vP and AspP but not IP) within the NP.
Verb phrase
Argument (complex analysis)
Specifier
Event structure
Nominalization
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Citations (13)
This paper suggests a novel syntactic treatment of adverbial clauses. The point of departure is the observation – in German and Slavic languages – that there exists an asymmetry in the complexity of subordinating elements in complement and adverbial clauses: While the former feature simplex complementizers, i.e. heads, the latter to a large extent feature complex prepositional phrases in addition to the adverbial CP. Sense can be made of this observation if adverbial clauses exhibit a structure {PP, CP} in the specifier-less framework of Chomsky (2013). The labeling algorithm suggested in that work delivers no result, i.e. structure remains exocentric in line with the spirit of suggestions regarding adjuncts more generally (Hornstein & Nunes 2008). The underlying reason for the asymmetry is thus that C-elements must be simplex to ensure that the selected complement clause is properly endowed with a syntactic category. There is no corresponding need for this in (unselected) adverbial clauses, and hence no derivational problem for Merging PP with CP which suppresses the application of the labeling algorithm.
Adverbial
Specifier
Complement
Endocentric and exocentric
Feature (linguistics)
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Citations (4)