Characterisation of a pESI-like plasmid and analysis of multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica Infantis isolates in England and Wales
Winnie W. Y. LeeJennifer MattockDavid R. GreigGemma C. LangridgeDavid BakerSamuel J. BloomfieldAlison E. MatherJohn WainAndrew M. EdwardsHassan HartmanTimothy J. DallmanMarie Anne ChattawaySatheesh Nair
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Supplementary Material for ‘Characterisation of a pESI-like plasmid and analysis of multi-drug resistant S. Infantis isolates in England and Wales’ as published in Microbial Genomics.Keywords:
Salmonella enterica
Multi drug resistant
The Enter-net surveillance system received results of antimicrobial sensitivity tests for isolates from over 27 000 cases of human salmonellosis in 2000 in 10 European countries. Almost 40% of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, with 18% multiresistant. Resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines was common, with over 20% of isolates resistant to at least one of these antimicrobials. Clinical resistance to ciprofloxacin was rare, with only 0.5% of isolates exhibiting such resistance (MIC >1.0 mg/l). Resistance to nalidixic acid coupled with a decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.25-1.0 mg/l) was more common, with 14% of isolates showing these properties. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was rare with only 0.6% of isolates resistant to cefotaxime. In all countries multiple resistance was most common in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, with 51% of isolates multiresistant in total. In England and Wales multiple resistance was also prevalent in S. Virchow and S. Hadar, whereas in other countries multiple resistance was common in serotypes such as S. Blockley.
Salmonella enterica
Multi drug resistant
Antimicrobial drug
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Salmonella enterica
Microtiter plate
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Antibiotic resistance is a major worldwide problem in the ICU [1]. The situation in developing countries like India is particularly serious. Since the presence of drug-resistant bacteria in the environment is a threat for public health, up-to-date information on local pathogens and the drug sensitivity pattern is very crucial to treat patients. This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR), extensive drug resistance (XDR) and pandrug resistance (PDR) among multiple Gram-negative isolates in a medical-surgical ICU in a tertiary care hospital in North India.
Tertiary care
Multi drug resistant
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Salmonellosis transmitted by pet reptiles is an increasing public health issue worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella strains from captive reptiles in Croatia. From November 2009 to November 2011 a total of 292 skin, pharyngeal, cloacal, and fecal samples from 200 apparently healthy reptiles were tested for Salmonella excretions by bacteriologic culture and serotyping. These 200 individual reptiles included 31 lizards, 79 chelonians, and 90 snakes belonging to private owners or housed at the Zagreb Zoo, Croatia. Salmonella was detected in a total of 13% of the animals, among them 48.4% lizards, 8.9% snakes, and 3.8% turtles. Representatives of five of the six Salmonella enterica subspecies were identified with the following proportions in the total number of isolates: Salmonella enterica enterica 34.6%, Salmonella enterica houtenae 23.1%, Salmonella enterica arizonae 23.1%, Salmonella enterica diarizonae 15.4%, and Salmonella enterica salamae 3.8%. The 14 different serovars isolated included several rarely occurring serovars such as Salmonella Apapa, Salmonella Halle, Salmonella Kisarawe, and Salmonella Potengi. These findings confirm that the prevalence of Salmonella is considerable in captive reptiles in Croatia, indicating that these animals may harbor serovars not commonly seen in veterinary or human microbiologic practice. This should be addressed in the prevention and diagnostics of human reptile-transmitted infections.
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Salmonella infection
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Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is among the most detected serovars in swine and poultry, ranks among the top five serotypes associated with human salmonellosis and is disproportionately associated with invasive infections and mortality in humans. Salmonella are known to carry plasmids associated with antimicrobial resistance and virulence. To identify plasmid-associated genes in multidrug resistant S. enterica serovar Heidelberg, antimicrobial resistance plasmids from five isolates were sequenced using the 454 LifeSciences pyrosequencing technology. Four of the isolates contained incompatibility group (Inc) A/C multidrug resistance plasmids harboring at least eight antimicrobial resistance genes. Each of these strains also carried a second resistance plasmid including two IncFIB, an IncHI2 and a plasmid lacking an identified Inc group. The fifth isolate contained an IncI1 plasmid, encoding resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin and sulfonamides. Some of the IncA/C plasmids lacked the full concert of transfer genes and yet were able to be conjugally transferred, likely due to the transfer genes carried on the companion plasmids in the strains. Several non-IncA/C resistance plasmids also carried putative virulence genes. When the sequences were compared to previously sequenced plasmids, it was found that while all plasmids demonstrated some similarity to other plasmids, they were unique, often due to differences in mobile genetic elements in the plasmids. Our study suggests that Salmonella Heidelberg isolates harbor plasmids that co-select for antimicrobial resistance and virulence, along with genes that can mediate the transfer of plasmids within and among other bacterial isolates. Prevalence of such plasmids can complicate efforts to control the spread of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg in food animal and human populations.
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Salmonellaは代表的な細菌性人獣共通感染症の原因菌の一つとして知られている。欧米諸国では爬虫類はペットとして人気が高く，多くの種類の爬虫類がペットとして飼育されているが，これらの爬虫類が感染源となった人のサルモネラ症が報告されている。近年，我が国でも爬虫類のペットとしての人気が高まっており，さまざまな種類の爬虫類が飼育されるようになってきているが，それに伴いこれら爬虫類に起因する人のサルモネラ症が発生しており，大きな社会問題となっている。爬虫類は高率にSalmonellaを保菌していることが知られているが，爬虫類がどのような経路でSalmonellaを保菌するのかについて検討した報告はほとんどみられず，Salmonellaを保菌するメカニズムについては明らかになっていない。本研究では，Salmonella属菌の保有率が高かったヘビ類に着目し，母ヘビ，体内の卵および孵化後の子ヘビにおけるSalmonella属菌の保有状況を調査し，分離菌株の分子遺伝学的解析を行い，菌株間の関連性を検討することで，母ヘビから子ヘビへのSalmonella属菌の垂直感染の可能性について検討した。
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Salmonella enterica
Multi drug resistant
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Salmonella enterica
Food microbiology
Food contaminant
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A mixed culture of Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- isolates was compared with a mixed culture of reference Salmonella serovars and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli surrogates. The two groups of Salmonella were compared for their resistance to commonly used pork carcass interventions, survival in ground pork, and thermal resistance in ground pork. No differences in responses were observed between the two groups of Salmonella serovars and the nonpathogenic E. coli surrogates within intervention type. No differences in recovery and survival or in heat resistance were observed between the two groups of Salmonella serovars in pork that had been treated, ground, and stored at 5°C for 2 weeks. However, the heat resistance of both groups of Salmonella serovars decreased after refrigerated storage. Because no differences were observed between Salmonella serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- and the reference Salmonella serovars in response to interventions commonly used in the pork industry, Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- does not present a unique challenge to the pork industry.
Salmonella enterica
Salmonella Food Poisoning
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Salmonellosis is caused by a bacterium, Salmonella enterica, but more specifically, bovine salmonellosis (paratyphoid) in South Africa is caused by two different serovars (types) of S. enterica namely Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin.
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