Additional file 11 of Trends and influence factors in the prevalence, intervention, and control of metabolic syndrome among US adults, 1999–2018
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Additional file 11. sTable 10 Change in distribution of characteristics among elevated blood glucose from 1999 to 2018.One of the most common causes of atherosclerotic vascular
disease and type 2 diabetes is metabolic syndrome (MS) (Type
2 DM). Metabolic syndrome is characterised by abdominal
obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and lipid
disorders. The metabolic syndrome's prevalence rises with age
and body weight, as well as through populations studied at the
same time. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 27 percent
in the United States, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome
is growing faster in women. In Turkey, metabolic syndrome
affects 38% of the population.
Abdominal obesity
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Purpose: Recent studies have reported the association between metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia. This study was conducted to evaluate the relation between metabolic syndrome and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Materials and Methods: From January 2004 to December 2007, a total of 4,115 male outpatients (aged 40 to 79 years) who visited the health care center at our medical center were examined. Eligible men were classified according to the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome and the number of components of the metabolic syndrome. The association between the sum of metabolic syndrome components and PSA level was evaluated. The association between each metabolic syndrome component and PSA level was also evaluated. Results: The PSA level of metabolic syndrome patients was lower than that of the control group (p=0.022). An increased number of metabolic syndrome components was significantly associated with a linear, decreasing trend in PSA levels (p-trend=0.040). When a Pearson's correlation was performed, only obesity was inversely associated with PSA level in the metabolic syndrome group. There was no significant factor that was related to having a PSA level greater than or equal to 2.5 ng/ml. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome should be considered as a factor associated with reduced PSA levels. If the patient with metabolic syndrome is obese, the PSA cutoff value should be lower than 4 ng/ml. (Korean J Urol 2009;50:963-968)
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Abdominal obesity
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BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is associated with several extrapulmonary systemic manifestations including metabolic and metabolic like syndrome. The objective of study was to assess prevalence of metabolic like syndrome among COPD patients. METHODS: This study was conducted from April 2017 to March 2018. Total 67 COPD patients were classied according to GOLD guideline. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) guideline was used for metabolic syndrome(MetS). RESULTS: Prevalence of MetS was 29.85%, highest (47.06%) in GOLD stage-II. If central obesity was excluded than prevalence of metabolic like syndrome was 55.27%, highest(70%) in stage-IV . CONCLUSIONS: MetS is missed in advance stages of COPD due to absence of central obesity. Therefore “Metabolic Like Syndrome” should be coined in COPD where waist circumference is not an included.
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Gold standard (test)
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OBJECTIVES: Prior research has focused on the relationship between weight change and incidence of metabolic syndrome. Change in body mass index (BMI), components of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome status were investigated over 1 year of follow-up. Methods: Subjects with metabolic syndrome from a community health screening project were recruited. Logistic regression was used to analyse the disappearance or remission of metabolic syndrome during 1 year according to changes in BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Results: The study included 490 subjects with metabolic syndrome. After 1 year, metabolic syndrome had disappeared in 30.0% (147/490) of subjects. Decreased triglycerides, blood pressure and HDL-C were significantly associated with the 1-year disappearance of metabolic syndrome, whereas BMI, waist circumference and FPG levels were not. Conclusions: Short-term weight reduction has no impact on the status of metabolic syndrome. The disappearance of metabolic syndrome was common during a 1-year follow-up. This finding might impact on the treatment and management of people with metabolic syndrome.
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Objectives
· To study the association of psoriasis and metabolic syndrome.
· To evaluate the disease activity and duration in psoriatic patients with and without metabolic syndrome.
Materials and Method: The study was conducted at MVJ Medical College, Hoskote, Bangalore. 100 newly diagnosed psoriasis patients who had not received systemic treatment 1 month before enrollment were included in study. A complete lipid profile with fasting blood glucose levels were estimated together with measurement of blood pressure and central obesity. Serum lipids were measured and fasting glucose was analysed.
Results: Among the 100 patients studied, a majority of patients were male (56%), while female patients accounted for 44%. 37 out of 100 patients had metabolic syndrome. Impaired HDL levels and fasting triglyceride were the most commonly affected components of metabolic syndrome affecting 59% and 54% respectively. There was a direct relationship between the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and extent of body surface area involved by psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis for more than 73 months had a higher occurrence of metabolic syndrome (37.84%). There was no significant correlation between PASI score and metabolic syndrome.
Interpretation and conclusion: Our study correlated with the various Indian and western studies proving an association between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. This has important implication in aiding the dermatologist to tackle issue of metabolic syndrome in psoriatic patients and in the process prevent the cardiovascular complication that are anticipated.
Keywords: Psoriasis; metabolic syndrome; Lipid profile; Central obesity; Body surface area
Lipid Profile
Body surface area
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Background: Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors that increase an individual’s probability of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and all cause mortality. Since primary NAFLD has strong association with metabolic syndrome as a whole and various components of metabolic syndrome, it is being debated whether NAFLD is a hepatic component of metabolic syndrome. Hence this study was done to study the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in healthy individuals and in patients with metabolic syndrome and to establish a relationship between NAFLD and Metabolic syndrome.Methods: A total of 122 patients - 61 with metabolic syndrome and 61 without metabolic syndrome fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria who presented to the Medicine outpatient Department of Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, between October 2014 and September 2016 were included in the study. Baseline variables, laboratory parameters, ultrasound abdomen findings were compared between the groups.Results: Mean age of the subjects in metabolic syndrome group and non-metabolic syndrome group were 52.4±15.4 and 50.7±15.4years respectively. Mean triceps skin fold thickness (in cms) for the subjects in metabolic syndrome group and non-metabolic syndrome group were 19.16±6.1 and 7.59±2.57 respectively (P <0.05). Prevalence of fatty liver on ultrasonography in metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome were 42.62 % and 21.31% respectively. Overall prevalence of NAFLD was 31.97 %.Conclusions: Overall prevalence of NAFLD from current study was 31.97%. The prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in persons with metabolic syndrome than persons without metabolic syndrome.
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Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome and Relative Importance of Five Components as a Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome: 5-Year Follow-up Study in KoreaThe aim of this study was to describe the incidence of metabolic syndrome and to identify five components as metabolic syndrome predictors.The final study included 1,095 subjects enrolled in a rural part of Daegu Metropolitan City, Korea for a cohort study in 2003.Of these, 762 (69.6%) subjects had participated in the repeat survey.During the five-year follow-up, incidence density was significantly higher for women than for men (men, 30.0/1,000 person-years; women, 46.4/1,000 person-years).In both men and women, incidence of metabolic syndrome showed a significant increase with increasing number of metabolic syndrome components at baseline.Compared with individuals presenting none of components at baseline, relative risks were increased 1.22 (men; 95% CI, 0.43-3.51),2.21 (women; 95% CI, 0.98-4.97)times more for individuals with one component of metabolic syndrome and 5.30 (men; 95% CI, 2.31-12.13),5.53 (women; 95% CI, 2.78-11.01)times more for those who had two components.In multivariate analysis, the most powerful risk factor for metabolic syndrome was abdominal obesity in men and low HDLcholesterol in women (adjusted relative risk, 3.28, 2.53, respectively).Consequently, finding a high risk group for metabolic syndrome according to gender and prevention of metabolic syndrome through lifestyle modification are essential.
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