Additional file 15: of Comparative genomics revealed the gene evolution and functional divergence of magnesium transporter families in Saccharum
Yongjun WangXiuting HuaJingsheng XuZhichang ChenTianqu FanZhaohui ZengHengbo WangAi‐Ling HourQingyi YuRay MingJisen Zhang
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Expression patterns of MGT genes across leaf gradient segments in maize and rice [88]. (XLSX 24 kb)Keywords:
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A three-dimensional picture of the horizontal velocity divergence is constructed at seven times, at twelve-hour intervals, with use of observed winds as a basis for divergence computations. No level of non-divergence is found; however, a surface of least divergence and a level of least divergence are located at each of the seven times, and their behavior is noted. A defense of the method includes comparison of vertical velocities computed by another method, and by the same method but with application of various types and degrees of smoothing. Principle conclusions are (1) that a surface of least divergence can be located but is not a physically significant surface, (2) that vertical velocities computed from the integrated low-level divergence correlate very well with the precipitation pattern, (3) that various kinds and degrees of smoothing do not appreciably change the order of magnitude of the divergence, and (4) that interesting diurnal variations in divergence intensity occur when values at 0300 GCT and 1500 GCT are compared.
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Cultivated sugarcane (Saccharum spp. complex, 2n = 80-120) belongs to the genus Saccharum of the family Poaceae. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. complex) is an important cash crop of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its distinct characteristic of high sugar concentration accumulated in the stalk. Genetic diversity gives species the ability to adapt to changing environments, including new pests and diseases and new climatic conditions. In order to obtain the wide spectrum of variation among the segregants the genotypes belonging to the distant clusters, 36 genotypes of Sugarcane were subjected to detailed investigation for the underlined objectives to estimate the extent of genetic diversity among early generation clones of sugarcane based on morphological characterization and to identify donors from diverse group for yield and quality parameters. The analyses of variance revealed highly significant variation among the clones for all the characters studied such as NMC, cane height, cane thickness, single cane weight, juice brix %, juice sucrose %, juice purity %, CCS %, Cane yield and CCS yield. Based on D2 values, clustering of the 36 genotypes were carried out which resulted in ten diverse clusters. Cluster I was found to be the largest with 18 genotypes followed by Cluster III with four clones. Cluster II and Cluster IV were comprised of three clones each. Two genotypes each constituted Cluster V and Cluster VI. Rest of the clusters consisted of one genotype each. The clustering of clones could be utilized for identification of diverse parents for crossing programme to get maximum recombination which may generate high variability for various traits of interest. Clustering pattern and genetic diversity analysis gives an idea for developing the diverse genetic base for successful sugarcane breeding programme for improvement in the cane yield and quality characters. PC (2011-12)-579, PC (2011-12)-581 were superior for many cane yield and quality contributing characters viz. cane height(m), juice brix percent, juice sucrose percent, juice purity percent, ccs percent and ccs yield(t/ha). Clones PC(2011-12)-561, PC(2011-12)-562, PC (2011-12)-566 and PC (2011-12)- 565, PC (2011-12)-569, PC (2011-12)- 573 PC (2011-12)- 590 were identified for NMC and single cane weight, respectively. Clones viz. PC (2011-1 2)-568, PC (2011-12)-571, PC (2011-12)-576 were recommended for cane yield (t/ha).
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1. The present paper reports an attempt to work out the origin of the genus Saccharum from phytogeographical data, corroborated by morphological, cytological, and breeding evidences. 2. The distribution of Saccharum and its congeners shows that Erianthus has the highest number of species, twenty-eight, and is most widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and America. The majority of the species of Erianthus occur in India, particularly on the slopes and foothills of the Himalayas in eastern India and in America. Saccharum has in all five species occurring in India, Malaysia, and China, of which four occur in India. Sclerostachya has three species, two of which are found in India, and Narenga has two species, distributed in India, Indochina, and China. Hence the maximum concentration of species belonging to these four genera is in India. 3. It is suggested that the Saccharum complex originated in the Indo-Burma-Chinese region and spread to adjoining areas. It is quite likely that Saccharum, Sclerostachya, and Narenga had a common origin in Erianthus. It is significant that some species of Erianthus have the lowest chromosome number (2n = 20) in the Saccharum complex and that E. procerus (Roxb.) Raizada, E. arundinaceus (Retz.) Jesw., and E. elephantinus Hook. f., occurring in northeastern India, look very much like sugar cane in their robust culms. Further speciation in Saccharum might have taken place by polyploidy and hybridization. Useful mutants, such as forms with a high sugar content, have been perpetuated through clonal propagation by human selection, namely, S. barberi in India and S. sinensis in China; S. robustum has, on the other hand, evolved by natural selection in New Guinea. S. officinarum is also indicated to have originated in India, because the origin of S. barberi in India by hybridization of S. officinarum with S. spontaneum presupposes the presence of the former species in India from very early days. Further evidences in support of this view are presented in the paper.
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To obtain nutritional information for sugarcane cross-breeding aimed feed utilization, the morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and in situ dry matter degradability (DMD) of each of the ten accessions of Erianthus spp., Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum spp. hybrids at 6 (6M) and 12 months (12M; after regrowth) were evaluated. For Erianthus spp. and S. spontaneum, the DMD at 48 h after incubation (DMD48h) and the corrected DMD48h (CDMD48h, expressed as DMD48h minus DMD0h) at 6M, exceeded those at 12M. Conversely, for Saccharum spp. hybrids, while the CDMD48h at 6M exceeded that at 12M, the DMD48h at 6M was lower than that at 12M. Compared to all other species, Saccharum spp. hybrids exhibited the highest DMD48h and CDMD48h. It was considered that a harvest with highest DMD could be obtained during the early growing stages in Erianthus spp. and S. spontaneum, but during a later growing stage in Saccharum spp. hybrids. DMD48h of Erianthus spp. correlated negatively with DM, NDFom and ADFom contents at 6 and 12 months after regrowth respectively. The ADL content of S. spontaneum correlated negatively with pooled DMD48h (r = -0.63; P < 0.01) and tended to correlate negatively with pooled CDMD48h (r = -0.47; P < 0.10). The NDFom and ADFom contents of Saccharum spp. hybrids correlated negatively with pooled DMD48h and positively with pooled CDMD48h, whereas these correlations were more affected by advancing maturity rather than the characteristics of accessions. These results suggest that DM and the fiber degradability of the accessions of genus Saccharum and Erianthus spp. could be estimated from certain chemical components, when selecting highly digestible accessions.
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