Additional file of A further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum
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Additional file of A further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatumKeywords:
Amblyomma variegatum
Amblyomma
Abstract Background: Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) are a significant threat to livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. Transhumance pastoralism practiced in Karamoja region and other factors like cattle trade, communal grazing and the presence of wildlife predispose cattle to TTBDs. Tick species abundance and distribution data can be used as a tool for early disease diagnosis and inform tick control strategies. However, these data for north-eastern Uganda are currently limited; previous surveys were relatively localized and did not consider the effect of seasonality on tick abundance. Methods: We randomly collected tick specimens from 1,534 cattle spread across Karamoja region in both the rainy and the dry seasons. The ticks were identified using morpho-taxonomic keys and the tick species identities confirmed by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: A collection of 18,637 ticks was examined and 15 tick species from three genera (10 Rhipicephalus; 3 Amblyomma; 2 Hyaloma species) were identified. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was the most dominant (37.9%) tick specie, followed by Amblyomma variegatum (32.3%); A. lepidum (17.3%); R. evertsi evertsi (7.8%); and R. decoloratus (1.4%). Eight of these tick species were ubiquitous in the study districts while six were found in isolated areas. The dry season was associated with a higher proportion of tick-infested cattle (91%) compared to the rainy season (89.8%); a difference that we did not find statistically significant (χ 2 = 0.5077, n = 1385, p = 0.476). The overall cattle infestation rate was mainly dominated by 5 tick species namely: A. variegatum (55%), R. appendiculatus (53%), A. lepidum (41%), R. Evertsi (22%), and R. Decoloratus (8%). Napak and Amudat districts registered the highest (95.4% and 94.9%) and lowest (80.9% and 80.7%) cattle tick infestation rates during the rainy and dry seasons respectively. Rhipicephalus microplus was confirmed in Amudat, Kaabong and Napak districts. Conclusion: This study demonstrates high cattle tick infestation rates by a battery of tick species in Karamoja region. We identified both R. microplus and R. decoloratus which indicates that R. microplus has recently been introduced in this region. This calls for effective tick control responses to prevent further spread of this invasive cattle tick specie.
Amblyomma variegatum
Tick infestation
Rhipicephalus
Amblyomma
Dry season
Wet season
Haemaphysalis
Tick-borne disease
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A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 around Sude woreda, Arsi zone with the objectives to estimate the prevalence of hard tick infestation, identification of tick species and their preferred site on cattle’s body. A total of 384 cattle were randomly selected and examined for the presence of tick. Out of the total examined 289(75.3%) were infested by one or more tick species. and significantly ( P <0.05) higher prevalence of tick infestation was observed on poor body condition (100%), medium (94.7%) and good (36.2%) respectively. The prevalence of tick infestation was also statistically significant (P<0.05) with in breeds and higher prevalence were in cross breed (90.2%) than local breeds (73.5%). In the current study area four genera ( Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus, Boophilus and Hyalomma) and six species were identified. The prevalence of each tick species was Amblyomma variegatum (38.75%) Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (28.61%), Boophilus decoloratus (17.72%), Amblyommalepidium (5.93), Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (5.44%) and Rhipicephalus pulchilus (3.54%).Among the tick species . A.variegatum (38.75%) and R.pulchlus (3.54) were the most abundant and least prevalent tick species respectively . Furthermore, the tick species were seen by their site of preference Rh. evertsievertsi (63.69%) prefers under tail and A.variegatum (39.78%) prefers under/scrotum and (37.23%) prefer brisket.The higher prevalence in the current study was due to agro climatic condition (rain fall, humidity, and temperature), host density and poor management system. Therefore it is recommended that it’s better to develop the best control strategies of tick and tick borne diseases in the study area. Keywords: Cattle; Predilectionsite; Prevalence; Sude woreda; Tick species
Amblyomma variegatum
Hyalomma
Tick infestation
Rhipicephalus
Amblyomma
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The disease “Heart-water” of sheep, cattle and goats has been recognised in South Africa for upwards of 70 years, and as long ago as 1902 Lounsbury demonstrated the part played by the common bont-tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch 1844, in its transmission. The virus of the disease does not pass through the egg of the tick, but a tick infected in the larval or the nymphal stages is capable of transmitting the infection when feeding as a nymph or adult respectively. Further, according to Lounsbury, a tick infected as a larva may feed upon an insusceptible host during the nymphal stage, and still remain infective until the final feed as an adult.
Amblyomma variegatum
Amblyomma
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The prevalence of bovine tick species in and around Diga town was studied over a period of six months from November 2013 to April 2014. Adult ticks were collected from 394 local and crossbred cattle which were kept under extensive management system. A total of 1444 adult ticks were collected from part of cattle and were identified to genera and species level. Four tick species of three genera were identified, in which two species belong to genus Amblyomma and one species each in the genus Rhipicephalus (formerly Boophilus) and Rhipicephalus. Of all the total ticks collected, Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus and Rhipicephalus (formerly Boophilus) constituted 68.4%, 16% and 15.6% respectively. The tick species encountered were A. variegatum (50.0%), A. coherence (18.5%) R. evertsi-evertsi (16%) and R. (B.) decolaratus(15.5%). The sex ratios of all tick species identified were skewed towards male (1.4:1) except for R. (B.) decolaratus. The prevalence of tick infestation was significantly associated with body condition of animal (P 0.05).
Amblyomma variegatum
Rhipicephalus
Amblyomma
Tick infestation
Hyalomma
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
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Amblyomma variegatum
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Amblyomma
Rhipicephalus
Rhipicephalus microplus
Tick-borne disease
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Ticks have been known to cause severe economic losses due to cattle deaths, low milk production, poor beef quality and poor hide quality. To inform control strategies, it is necessary to carry out tick surveys to determine tick species present in Matabeleland as well as determine their distribution in the region. A total of 119 cattle were sampled from seven sites in Matabeleland communal and commercial areas, that is, Mangwe, Grills farm, Umguza, Beitbridge, Insiza, Gwanda and Nkayi. Phenotypic identification was done by microscopy and total DNA extraction was performed using the tick legs, which was then followed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to determine genetic variation and DNA polymorphism within the tick population. Of the cattle sampled, 268 ticks were collected and 11 tick species were identified, that is, Amblyomma hebraeum 54%, Hyalomma truncatum 11%, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi 12%, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 7.4%, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus 6%, Hyalomma rufipes 3.7%, Rhipicephalus zambeziensis 1.7%, Rhipicephalus sanguineus 1.1%, Rhipicephalus simus 1.1%, Rhipicephalus lunulatus 0.7% and Amblyomma variegatum 0.7 %. The occurrence of Amblyomma variegatum in this part of the country was a unique finding as the tick is known to be a northern tick and is a rare tick in the southern part of the country. Of the 11 tick species collected, only four tick species were used in the genetic characterization, that is, Hyalomma truncatum, Hyalomma rufipes, Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus lunulatus. Primers OPY-3 and OPX-14 revealed genetic variation amongst the four species showing that RAPDs can be used for determining genetic diversity amongst tick population. This study forms a baseline in further studies on genetic characterization of ticks in Zimbabwe
Amblyomma variegatum
Amblyomma
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Rhipicephalus
Hyalomma
Rhipicephalus microplus
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Amitraz
Amblyomma
Amblyomma variegatum
Rhipicephalus microplus
Rhipicephalus
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Citations (8)
Abstract Background Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) are a significant threat to livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. Transhumance pastoralism practiced in Karamoja region and other factors like cattle trade, communal grazing and the presence of wildlife predispose cattle to TTBDs. Tick species abundance and distribution data can be used as a tool for early disease diagnosis and inform tick control strategies. However, these data for north-eastern Uganda are currently limited; previous surveys were relatively localized and targeted fewer cattle kraals and numbers. Methods We randomly collected tick specimens from 1,534 cattle spread across Karamoja region in both the peak month of the rainy (May) and the dry (February) seasons. The ticks were identified using morpho-taxonomic keys and the tick species identities confirmed by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results A collection of 18,637 ticks was examined and 15 tick species from three genera (10 Rhipicephalus; 3 Amblyomma; 2 Hyaloma species) were identified. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was the most dominant (37.9%) tick specie, followed by Amblyomma variegatum (32.3%); A. lepidum (17.3%); R. evertsi evertsi (7.8%); and R. decoloratus (1.4%). Eight of these tick species were ubiquitous in the study districts while six were found in isolated areas. The peak month of the dry season collection was associated with a higher proportion of tick-infested cattle (91%) compared to the peak month of the rainy season (89.8%); a difference that we did not find statistically significant (χ 2 = 0.5077, n = 1385, p = 0.476). The overall cattle infestation rate was mainly dominated by 5 tick species namely: A. variegatum (55%), R. appendiculatus (53%), A. lepidum (41%), R. Evertsi (22%), and R. Decoloratus (8%). Napak and Amudat districts registered the highest (95.4% and 94.9%) and lowest (80.9% and 80.7%) cattle tick infestation rates during the peak months of the rainy and dry seasons respectively. Rhipicephalus microplus was confirmed in Amudat, Kaabong and Napak districts. Conclusion This study demonstrates high cattle tick infestation rates by a battery of tick species in Karamoja region. We identified both R. microplus and R. decoloratus which indicates that R. microplus has recently been introduced in this region. This calls for effective tick control responses to prevent further spread of this invasive cattle tick specie.
Amblyomma variegatum
Amblyomma
Rhipicephalus
Dry season
Tick-borne disease
Wet season
Haemaphysalis
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The prevalence and abundance of tick species of cattle were studied in and around Jimma town of South Western Ethiopia from November, 2015 to March, 2016. The overall prevalence of tick in cattle was about 88.8%. A total of 4579 adult ticks were collected from 384 cattle. Of the total tick collected, Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus constitute 76.7 and 23.3%, respectively. Three species belonged to the genus Amblyomma and two species belong to Rhipicephalus. The species encountered were Amlyomma cohaerens (40.68%), Amblyomma variegatum (33.58%), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (19.98%), Rhipicephalus evertsi eversi (3.32%) and Amblyomma gemma (2.42%). The study therefore, revealed that A. coherence and A. variegatum were the most prevalent cattle tick species in and around Jimma. A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in tick burden between cattle in good body condition and those in poor body condition. That is, cattle with poor body condition had higher tick burdens than good body condition. The infestation level by age and sex were also statistically significant (p < 0.05). As the age of animals increase, tick burden also increases. Similarly, the female animals carried more ticks than males. The favorable predilection site of Amblyomma species were the scrotum (udder) and perineum, while Rhipicephalus were more around ano-vulva, udder and the tail area. Ticks are important ectoparasites in and around Jimma and cause huge economic losses to the livestock industry. Much attention has to be given to control ticks by the use of acaricides, integrated with other techniques to minimize their effect.
Key words: Ethiopia, cattle, Jimma, prevalence, ticks, burden.
Amblyomma variegatum
Amblyomma
Tick infestation
Rhipicephalus
Udder
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The objective of this study was to evaluate total tick burden and resistance differences of local indigenous breeds and Holstein-crosses (50%). Longitudinal study method was employed to assess the mean monthly half-body regions of total tick burdens. The mean monthly half body regions of total tick count on local indigenous cattle and Holstein-crosses (50%) were 75.2 and 201.7, respectively. The monthly mean half-body region of total tick count on the Holstein-crosses (50%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the indigenous breed throughout the study months. From 4425 collected adult ticks, Boophilus decoloratus (47.50%), Amblyomma gemma (21.06%), Amblyomma variegatum (18.31%), Amblyomma cohaerens (4.97%), Amblyomma lepidum (3.75%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (2.87%), Rhipicephalus muhsamae (0.79%) and Rhipicephalus guilhoni (0.75%) were the tick species identified in descending order. Among the tick species identified, seasonal variation was observed in four species, namely: A. variegatum, A. gemma, A. lepidum and R. evertsi evertsi. Animal health extension especially on tick control strategy should be in place in order to improve animal productivity. Key words: Burden, Holstein-cross (50%), indigenous, resistance tick, Ethiopia.
Amblyomma variegatum
Amblyomma
Rhipicephalus microplus
Rhipicephalus
Tick-borne disease
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Citations (2)