Additional file 1: Data S1. of Hepatocytes respond differently to major dietary trans fatty acid isomers, elaidic acid and trans-vaccenic acid
Toke P. KrogagerLone NielsenDerya KahveciThomas F. DyrlundCarsten ScaveniusKristian W. SanggaardJan J. Enghild
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GLC. Results from the gasâ liquid chromatography analysis. On the left are in bold averages of mol% for three biological replicates and on the right their respective standard deviations. Raw data is provided for each replicate in separate sheets. (XLSX 48 kb)Keywords:
Elaidic acid
Vaccenic acid
Abstract Vaccenic acid ( trans ‐11‐C 18:1 ) chemically resembles elaidic acid ( trans ‐9‐C 18:1 ) which is assumed to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and thus could exert similar effects. Possible different oxidation rates of vaccenic versus elaidic acid were checked in muscles and liver, and through related gene expression in normal rat liver cells. In hepatic mitochondria, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I exhibited comparable activity rates with both trans ‐isomers. CPT II activity was 30% greater ( P < 0.05) with vaccenic than with elaidic acid as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) or acyl‐CoAs. Activity of the first β‐oxidation step was similar between the isomers in all the tissue slices and liver extracts assayed. Respiration rates were comparable with both trans ‐isomers as NEFAs in various liver extracts, but were 30% greater ( P < 0.05) with vaccenoyl‐CoA than with elaidoyl‐CoA in liver mitochondria. Vaccenic acid was oxidised 25% more ( P < 0.05) by liver peroxisomes than elaidic acid. In hepatocytes cultured with trans ‐ and corresponding cis ‐C 18:1 isomers, gene expression of CPT I, hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA synthase was at least 100% increased ( P < 0.05), but was unchanged with vaccenic acid, relative to controls. In conclusion, the position and geometry of the double bonds in acyl chains are suggested to confer on vaccenic and elaidic acid specific biochemical properties that might differently affect their fates in tissues.
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Abstract Unsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products from beef fat and pure fatty acids were subjected to the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity testing, including monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFA: oleic acid, vaccenic acid, elaidic acid; beef fatty acid fractions rich in trans ( t )11/ t 13‐ t 14‐18:1 ( t 11,13,14‐Frac), t 10‐18:1 ( t 10‐Frac)] and dienoic fatty acids [linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic isomers cis ( c )9, t 11‐18:2 and t 10, c 12‐18:2, and a mixed beef dienoic fatty acid fraction high in c 9, t 13‐/ t 8, c 12/ t 11 c 15‐18:2 (MD)]. Significantly higher anti‐mutagenic effects of oleic acid, vaccenic acid, t 11, 13, 14‐Frac, and t 10‐Frac against daunomycin were observed at 2.5 mg. All dienoic acids except MD significantly reduced daunomycin mutagenicity at ≥0.25 mg. Anti‐mutagenicity of oleic and vaccenic acids against 2‐aminoanthracene was found at 2.5 and 0.25 mg, respectively. All dienoic acids significantly reduced 2‐aminoanthracene mutagenicity at ≥0.25 mg. Findings of this study show that unsaturated fatty acids, including trans ‐fatty acids commonly found in beef, can act as strong anti‐mutagens.
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In the present study the metabolic response to various fatty acids was investigated in HepG2 cells by using a (1)H NMR-based approach. To elucidate the effect of cis/trans configuration, the cells were exposed to either oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9), elaidic acid (C18:1 trans-9), vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans-11), linoleic acid (C18:2), or palmitic acid (C16:0), and multivariate data analysis revealed a strong effect of fatty acid on the lipophilic metabolite fraction. Inspection of the spectra revealed that the difference between the observed responses could be ascribed to the appearance of resonances from conjugated double bonds (5.65, 5.94, and 6.28 ppm) in cells exposed to vaccenic acid, revealing that vaccenic acid upon uptake by the HepG2 cells is converted into a conjugated fatty acid. Upon exposure of the HepG2 cells to either butyric acid (C4:0), caproic acid (C6:0), lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), or palmitic acid (C16:0), an effect of fatty acid length was also evident, and data indicated that short-chain fatty acids (C4-C6) are immediately converted, whereas medium-long-chain fatty acids (C12-16) are incorporated into triglycerides and deposited in the cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that (1)H NMR spectroscopy is a useful method for studying the uptake of fatty acids in in vitro cells.
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It has been discussed if the adverse health effect associated with the ingestion of trans fatty acids correlates with the food source, as the composition of the isomers varies in different foods. We have investigated the hepatocellular responses to the predominant trans fatty acid isomers in industrially produced partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (elaidic acid) and products of ruminant origin (trans-vaccenic acid).The responses of HepG2-SF cells exposed to 100 μM fatty acids during 7 days were examined. Elaidic acid decreased the cellular proliferation rate while trans-vaccenic acid had no effect. Analysis of cellular triacylglycerol fractions showed, that both trans fatty acids were metabolized by HepG2-SF cells, although elaidic acid, to a higher degree than trans-vaccenic, accumulated in the triacylglycerol fraction. Proteome analysis revealed that the overlap of differentially regulated proteins only contained four proteins, suggesting that the two trans fatty acid isomers affect the cells in different ways. The data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000760.Our investigations revealed that the hepatocellular response to the two most abundant dietary positional C18:1 trans fatty acid isomers differ substantially. In addition, the results suggest that trans-vaccenic acid does not affect cholesterol metabolism adversely compared to elaidic acid.
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The human milk fatty acid, including trans fatty acid, composition is predominantly affected by the maternal diet. The aim of this research was to determine the trans fatty acid level in human milk among lactating women in Latvia, and to evaluate how maternal dietary habits affect the trans fatty acid composition of human milk. In total, 70 lactating women participated in this cross-sectional study. A 72-hour food diary and food frequency questionnaire were used to evaluate maternal dietary habits. Different trans fatty acids in human milk samples were determined using gas chromatography (Agilent 6890N, Agilent Technologies Incorporated, the United States). Overall, the dietary intake of trans fatty acids among the participants was 0.54 ± 0.79 g per day. The total trans fatty acid level in the human milk samples was 2.30% ± 0.60%. The composition of trans fatty acids found in human milk was associated with maternal dietary habits. Higher elaidic acid, vaccenic acid and total trans fatty acid levels in human milk were found among participants with a higher milk and dairy product intake. Meat and meat product intake were associated with a higher vaccenic acid and total trans fatty acid levels in human milk. A moderate association was also established between maternal trans fatty acid intake and the total trans fatty acid level in human milk. The obtained correlations indicate that maternal dietary habits during lactation can impact the composition of trans fatty acids found in human milk.
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