Appendix A. Percentage of ectomycorrhizal morphotype colonization present on root systems of three temperate tree species (Tilia cordata Mill., Larix decidua Mill., and Pinus sylvestris L.) collected from local nurseries on the root order class pigmented, lower first- and second-order fine roots, by the Rudawska Laboratory, Institute of Dendrology, Kornik, Poland.
Marc GoebelSarah E. HobbieBartosz BułajMarcin ZadwornyDouglas D. ArchibaldJacek OleksynPeter B. ReichDavid M. Eissenstat
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Percentage of ectomycorrhizal morphotype colonization present on root systems of three temperate tree species (Tilia cordata Mill., Larix decidua Mill., and Pinus sylvestris L.) collected from local nurseries on the root order class pigmented, lower first- and second-order fine roots, by the Rudawska Laboratory, Institute of Dendrology, Kornik, Poland.Colonisation
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Oral administration of various concentrations of Candida albicans to 6-day-old mice established colonization of the digestive tract without mortality. After being weaned (day 21), the development of colonization was studied in a group of mice by daily counting of the number of CFU contained in the feces of each animal. Two features concerning the development of colonization were noted. The course of colonization in individual mice was highly erratic and lead to either transitory or sometimes long-lasting colonization. These results show the importance of a dynamic study of colonization, a condition necessary for any experimental study.
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Abstract We investigated the effect of prior colonization of sterile soils by a range of soil microbes on the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum YUIRif43 in an earlier report (Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 46, 449–459, 2000). Here, we report the effect of prior colonization of tomato roots, the host plant of the pathogen, by soil microbes on succeeding colonization by the pathogen. When the soil microbial community was introduced onto tomato roots, subsequent colonization by YUIRif431ux, a lux-marked mutant of YUIRif43, was remarkably suppressed compared with that in the absence of microorganisms which had previously colonized roots (hereafter referred to as priorcolonists). Soil bacteria, rather than fungi, were mainly responsible for the suppression. Next, the effect of individual microbial strains on the colonization by YUIRif43lux was examined. Some strains did not show any significant suppressive effect on subsequent colonization by YUIRif43Iux, unlike others. All the R. solanacearum strains used in this study, especially R. solanacearum NPSI (a weakly virulent mutant of YUl), were effective prior colonists against colonization by YUIRif431ux, that is, they markedly suppressed subsequent colonization by YUIRif431ux. Most of the strains that were effective prior colonists in soil in the earlier report were also effective at suppressing the colonization of tomato roots by YUIRif43Iux. YUIRif43lux competed on tomato roots with the strains that did not show previously an effect against colonization by YUIRif431ux, while root colonization by YUlRif43lux was reduced by co-inoculation with the strains that previously showed a colonization effect. These results suggested that soil bacteria were likely to be responsible for the suppression of colonization by YUIRif43lux of tomato roots, and that strains belonging to R. solanacearum among individual microbial strains might be the most effective antagonists against colonization by YUIRif431ux. Using Tn5-induced derivatives of a strain, Pseudomonas fluorescens MelRC2, one of the most effective priorcolonists, the contribution of motility, antibiosis, rhizosphere competence to the suppressiveness of P. fluorescens MelRC2 against colonization by YUIRif43lux were examined. Key Words: biological controlcompetitionprior colonization Pseudomonas fluorescens rhizosphere competence
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John Stuart Mill's On Liberty is commonly viewed as the classic defense of individual liberty, and Mill himself as the grandfather of modern liberalism. In John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control Joseph Hamburger seeks to dislodge this orthodox interpretation [End Page 308] of Mill. As the title of the work suggests, Hamburger, who died shortly before this work came to press, seeks to convince the reader that a proper understanding of Mill's account of individual liberty needs to be nuanced by an appreciation of those substantial controls that Mill was willing to place upon individuals.
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The article analyzes published and unpublished materials of employees of the State Colonization Research Institute. The main terminological positions of the early Soviet colonization experts and their evolution according to key concepts: “resettlement”, “colonization”, “kolonizatorstvo” are presented. The claims of experts to late-imperial colonization practices are noted. On the example of the changing terminological apparatus of Soviet colonization science, changes in the principles of the colonization program of the pre-war period are shown.
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In the conditions of different treatments,studies were made of the variation laws of the colonization rate and colonization intensity when arbuscule mycorrhical fungi(AMF) colonizated Betula albo-sinensis.The result showed that in the natural condition,AMF's colonization and colonization intensity were high.Illumination intensity strengthening increased AMF's colonization and colonization intensity.Temperature rising and carbon dioxide concentration diploidizing promoted AMF's colonization intensity.Treatment of 4～7℃ higher than the present temperature would promote AMF's colonization.Treatments of 2～4℃ higher than the present temperature and carbon dioxide concentration diploidizing were inhibitoryin summer and promotive in autumn.From summer to autumn,AMF's colonization descended,but carbon dioxide concentration diploidizing would increase AMF's colonization.
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