Spatial heterogeneity of plant community composition and diversity on phytogenic mounds caused by water erosion
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A phytogenic mound is a special microtopography that forms under a perennial plant canopy in erosion-affected areas. These mounds result in spatial microenvironmental heterogeneity and thus are important factors in determining plant community composition. We assessed whether and how plant composition and diversity differed on different parts of mounds in water erosion-affected areas and evaluated which environmental variables were related to the compositional difference. We compared plant community composition and diversity on the upslope (UP) and downslope (DN) parts of mounds and inter-canopy surfaces (IS) along four slope gradients. On slopes < 46.6%, vegetation cover, biomass, density and diversity of plant communities did not significantly differ between UP and DN. However, these plant community attributes were higher UP than in IS and DN on steeper slopes (> 46.6%). On such slopes phanerophytes and chamaephytes occurred only UP. Sediment accumulation, light intensity, soil moisture, and surface hardness were significantly correlated with the community composition on mounds, while soil N, P and K showed a weak relationship. Only the UP of mounds on steep slopes maintained high plant diversity in water erosion-affected areas, which is especially important for shaping plant community patterns on seriously eroded slopes where plant colonisation is limited.Keywords:
Water erosion
Water erosion
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Erosion and sedimentation by water includes the process of detachment, movement, and deposition of soil particles (14). Under irrigated conditions, the erosive process is water flowing over soil, either as concentrated flow, or water drops from sprinklers impacting on the soil. This erosion process is similar to rainfall caused-erosion. The purpose of this paper is to: summarize the results of selected studies to show erosion under irrigated conditions can be excessive; provide some indication of the impacts of erosion and sedimentation; summarize some of the significant conclusions reached in these studies; and provide a background for the five other papers on the topic of erosion from irrigated land.
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Water erosion
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Water erosion
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The article presents the results of study of the modern water-erosion processes in the Central Belarus territory. The mechanisms of sheet, gully and river erosion are considered. The areas of development of these processes are established and the parameters of annual erosion drift are calculated. The contribution of each process to the dynamics of the earth's surface relief of the region under study is determined. It is shown that the development of water-erosion processes lead to noticeable negative consequences for environment, disruption (up to destruction) of natural and natural-technogenic objects, and significant economic damage.
Water erosion
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Soil erosion in Ningxia is divided into two types, water erosion and wind erosion, through combination of field investigation and visual interpretation of enlarged false color TM synthetic images of second patch of U.S. land resources satellite, the result shows that there are water erosion area of 22 897 km 2, wind erosion area of 15 976 km 2, and total erosion area makes up 75% of whole provincial area. The southern part of the province is dominated by water erosion, while the northern part is mixed erosion of water and wind types. Water erosion takes place mainly in July to September, and wind erosion normally happens in winter and spring. The time process of soil erosion by both water and wind appears a compensation mechanism no matter in a year or during years.
Water erosion
Dryland salinity
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Water erosion
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Well-known water erosion prediction models, such as USLE, RUSLE, WEPP, EROSEM, LISEM and GeoWEPP are outlined. The recently developed regional water erosion model (SEMMED), rill erosion model (RILLGROW), shallow gully erosion model (EGEM), and gully erosion model are introduced in detail. The challenges in employing these erosion models in China are discussed.
Rill
Water erosion
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The soil erosion under different precipitation was analyzed by using remote sensing and geographical information system technologies. The results show that the maximum of percentage of water erosion above light and water erosion index take place in the annual precipitation between 250 mm and 400 mm, and the maximum of the wind erosion index, the frozen erosion index and the soil erosion index all take place in the annual precipitation under 200 mm. There is no frozen erosion in the precipitation above 1 600 mm. Water erosion dominates in the region of annual precipitation from 800 mm to 1 000 mm, 1 000 mm to 1 600 mm , and above 1 600 mm, all accounting for above percent 96. In the region of the precipitation from 400 mm to 800 mm, water erosion, wind erosion and frozen erosion respectively account for closely percent 30. Wind erosion dominates the region of precipitation under 200 mm。
Water erosion
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Erosion of soluble matters has a great influence on soil erosion and the water environment in river basins.From the view of behaving forms of soluble matter erosion(macroscopic and microscopic),the micro interface mode(adsorption and desorption) in erosion is introduced.The factors influencing the erosion process are summarized and the effects of main factors on erosion are analysed.Then,the numerical models for the macro transfer of soluble matters are reviewed.Finally,the problems and future trend in investigating erosion of soluble matters are proposed.
Water erosion
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The fractal of spatial structure of erosion intensity in Yunnan Province is discussed in this paper based on GIS.Some significant conclusions are drawn:(1) A certain relationship between perimeter and area of soil erosion intensity patches objectively exists for soil erosion intensity in Yunnan Province.(2) Fractal dimensions of soil erosion intensity of Yunnan Province are calculated.It is the biggest with the very strength water erosion being 1.605,and the smallest with the fierce water erosion being 1.504.(3) The stability of spatial structure is the highest with the very strength water erosion being 0.105,second with the moderate water erosion being 0.095,and the smallest with the fierce water erosion being 0.040.(4) The average Shape Index is the highest with the fierce water erosion being 0.156,and the smallest with the micro-degree freeze-thaw erosion being 0.067.(5) The average compactness is the highest with the fierce water erosion being 0.554,and the smallest with the micro-degree freeze-thaw erosion being 0.237.
Intensity
Water erosion
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