Precipitation sums and relative deviations from the long-term means (1981–2010) for the year 2011
Sebastian WolfLutz MerboldDennis ImerJacqueline StiegerRebecca HillerSebastian ZielisMatthias HäniChristof AmmannWerner EugsterNina Buchmann
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Table 2. Precipitation sums and relative deviations from the long-term means (1981–2010) for the year 2011. Deviations for 2010 are reported for comparison. Long-term data were derived from nearby reference stations by MeteoSwiss while data for 2010 and 2011 were measured directly at the sites. Abstract Since the European summer heat wave of 2003, considerable attention has been paid to the impacts of exceptional weather events on terrestrial ecosystems. While our understanding of the effects of summer drought on ecosystem carbon and water vapour fluxes has recently advanced, the effects of spring drought remain unclear. In Switzerland, spring 2011 (March–May) was the warmest and among the driest since the beginning of meteorological measurements. This study synthesizes Swiss FluxNet data from three grassland and two forest ecosystems to investigate the effects of this spring drought. Across all sites, spring phenological development was 11 days earlier in 2011 compared to the mean of 2000–2011. Soil moisture related reductions of gross primary productivity (GPP) were found at the lowland grassland sites, where productivity did not recover following grass cuts. In contrast, spring GPP was enhanced at the montane grassland and both forests (mixed deciduous and evergreen). Evapotranspiration (ET) was reduced in forests, which also substantially increased their water-use efficiency (WUE) during spring drought, but not in grasslands. These contrasting responses to spring drought of grasslands compared to forests reflect different adaptive strategies between vegetation types, highly relevant to biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system.Keywords:
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We study inference on the long-term causal effect of a continual exposure to a novel intervention, which we term a long-term treatment, based on an experiment involving only short-term observations. Key examples include the long-term health effects of regularly-taken medicine or of environmental hazards and the long-term effects on users of changes to an online platform. This stands in contrast to short-term treatments or ``shocks," whose long-term effect can reasonably be mediated by short-term observations, enabling the use of surrogate methods. Long-term treatments by definition have direct effects on long-term outcomes via continual exposure, so surrogacy conditions cannot reasonably hold. We connect the problem with offline reinforcement learning, leveraging doubly-robust estimators to estimate long-term causal effects for long-term treatments and construct confidence intervals.
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ABSTRACT It is known that the El Niño – Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) episodes have a great influence on South American precipitation and its extreme events during austral autumn (from March until May, MAM ) and winter (from June until August, JJA ) that occur after the ENSO peak (normally this happens on austral summer). Recent papers have studied the two types of ENSO and their influence on atmosphere–ocean system. This study analysed the influence of Central and East equatorial Pacific ENSO on South American seasonal/monthly mean precipitation and its extreme events during MAM and JJA . The composites of precipitation anomalies, during these two types of ENSO , show that there are different, even opposite patterns over South America. In MAM , there is an increased precipitation in southeastern South America and a decrease in the northeast South America during East El Niño ( EEN ) and an increased precipitation in central Brazil during Central El Niño ( CEN ). In JJA , the signs of anomaly precipitation are opposite between CEN (less precipitation) and EEN (more precipitation) over southeastern South America. The extreme precipitation events show patterns consistent with the precipitation anomaly patterns, but, normally, the changes in the frequency of extremes precipitation events affect more extensive areas than the total precipitation. If monthly or seasonal atmospheric anomalies in a certain region during one of the types of ENSO are similar (opposite) to the atmospheric anomalies associated with extreme precipitation events in this region, then there is enhancement (suppression) of the frequency of extreme events in this region during this type of ENSO .
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The regional characteristics of precipitation in Hunan Province were analyzed based on the monthly rainfall data of 97 meteorological stations from 1951 to 2010.The results showed the annual precipitation spatial distribution is that the precipitation in mountainous areas is abundant,but the precipitation in plain is deficient.Precipitation in spring and autumn decreased in most areas,and the precipitation of summer showed an increasing trend.
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Through analyzing the monitoring data,the authors studied the relative deviation of 51 organic compounds in water,and put forward the quality control(QC) index under two kinds of probabilities(γ=0.90,P=0.90;γ=0.95,P=0.95) to provide the QC index for the people in the monitoring area.Studies indicate that the relative deviation of the actual samples and the recoveries of actual samples are higher than those of the blank samples.The relative deviation of the blank sample recovery could be controlled within 15%,which could be extended appropriately.The relative deviation of the actual samples and the actual sample recovery could be controlled within 20%.
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obtained with a standard deviation of 0.01/sub 7/% or a relative standard deviation of 0.28%. For 17 analyses of the (U,Pu)C sample, an average carbon content of 4.97% was found with a standard deviation of 0.01/sub 2/% or a relative standard deviation of 0.24%.
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