Experimental and Numerical Study on the Optimal Proppant Packing Ratio and Permeability of Partially Propped Shale Fracture
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The generation of hydraulic fracture will inevitably have an impact on the permeability of the coal nearby in the fracturing process. For the problem of coal bed permeability damage caused by fracturing,the equation between the induced stress and permeability was established. By calculation example,the characteristics of permeability damage caused by hydraulic fracturing were analyzed. Studies suggest that: the distribution of induced stress and permeability damage caused by hydraulic fracturing are symmetrical on the both sides of fracture. Hydraulic fracturing has a direct impact on the permeability of coalbed near the fracture,and the permeability damage phenomenon is very obvious. Permeability damage caused by hydraulic fracturing may be one of the reasons that the stimulation effect of some coalbed methane wells is not satisfactory.
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High-volume hydraulic fracturing, a drilling simulation technique commonly referred to as “fracking,” is a contested technology. In this article, we explore discourse over hydraulic fracturing and the shale industry on the social media platform Twitter during a period of heightened public contention regarding the application of the technology. We study the relative prominence of negative messaging about shale development in relation to pro-shale messaging on Twitter across five hashtags (#fracking, #globalfrackdown, #natgas, #shale, and #shalegas). We analyze the top actors tweeting using the #fracking hashtag and receiving @mentions with the hashtag. Results show statistically significant differences in the sentiment about hydraulic fracturing and shale development across the five hashtags. In addition, results show that the discourse on the main contested hashtag #fracking is dominated by activists, both individual activists and organizations. The highest proportion of tweeters, those posting messages using the hashtag #fracking, were individual activists, while the highest proportion of @mention references went to activist organizations.
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Optimization of Multi-Zone Unconventional (Shale) Gas Reservoir Using Hydraulic Fracturing Technique
Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most important stimulation techniques available to the petroleum engineer to extract hydrocarbons in tight gas sandstones. It allows more oil and gas production in tight reservoirs as compared to conventional means. The main aim of the study is to optimize the hydraulic fracturing as technique and for this purpose three multi-zones layer formation is considered and fractured contemporaneously. The three zones are named as Zone1 (upper zone), Zone2 (middle zone) and Zone3 (lower zone) respectively and they all occur in shale rock.
Simulation was performed with Mfrac integrated software which gives a variety of 3D fracture options. This simulation process yielded an average fracture efficiency of 93.8%for the three respective zones and an increase of the average permeability of the rock system. An average fracture length of 909 ft with net height (propped height) of 210 ft (average) was achieved. Optimum fracturing results was also achieved with maximum fracture width of 0.379 inches at an injection rate of 13.01 bpm with 17995 Mscf of gas production.
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The furore that has arisen in the UK over induced microseismicity from ‘fracking’ for shale gas development, which has resulted in ground vibrations strong enough to be felt, requires the urgent development of an appropriate regulatory framework. We suggest that the existing regulatory limits applicable to quarry blasting (i.e. peak ground velocities (PGV) in the seismic wavefield incident on any residential property of 10 mm s −1 during the working day, 2 mm s −1 at night, and 4.5 mm s −1 at other times) can be readily applied to cover such induced seismicity. Levels of vibration of this order do not constitute a hazard: they are similar in magnitude to the ‘nuisance’ vibrations that may be caused by activities such as walking on wooden floors, or by large vehicles passing on a road outside a building. Using a simple technique based on analysis of the spectra of seismic S-waves, we show that this proposed daytime regulatory limit for PGV is likely to be satisfied directly above the source of a magnitude 3 induced earthquake at a depth of 2.5 km, and illustrate how the proposed limits scale in terms of magnitudes of induced earthquakes at other distances. Previous experience indicates that the length of the fracture networks that are produced by ‘fracking’ cannot exceed 600 m; the development of a fracture network of this size in one single rupture would correspond to an induced earthquake c . magnitude 3.6. Events of that magnitude would result in PGV above our proposed regulatory limit and might be sufficient to cause minor damage to property, such as cracked plaster; we propose that any such rare occurrences could readily be covered by a system of compensation similar to that used over many decades for damage caused by coal mining. However, it is highly unlikely that future ‘fracking’ in the UK would cause even this minor damage, because the amount of ‘force’ applied in ‘fracking’ tends to be strictly limited by operators: this is because there is an inherent disincentive to fracture sterile overburden, especially where this may contain groundwater that could flood-out the underlying gas-producing zones just developed. For the same reason, seismic monitoring of ‘fracking’ is routine; the data that it generates could be used directly to police compliance with any regulatory framework. Although inspired by UK conditions and debates, our proposals might also be useful for other regulatory jurisdictions.
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Preface Hydraulic Fracturing: Chemical Disclosure Requirements Hydraulic Fracturing & Safe Drinking Water Act Issues Hydraulic Fracturing & the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Selected Issues Shale Gas Production Subcommittee 90-Day Report Shale Gas Production Subcommittee - Second Ninety Day Report Index.
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of the rock itself.Shale gas is an unconventional form of natural gas in the sense that it is trapped within the pores of shale rock instead of simply being contained in an underground cavity.Natural gas is composed of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide.This method is presently highly debated; some environmentalists claim that it is not possible to execute this process without significant and irreparable damage to surrounding ecology.On the other side of the issue, many for-profit corporations cite that it is not legal to prevent them from fracking and that the environmentalists' claims are unproven.More than that, these companies also indicate that it is not feasible on a fundamental level to stop hydrofracking since many Americans rely on it to provide energy for their day-to-day lives.As the global energy needs increase greatly, it is very important to quantify the risks, potential losses, and prospective gains associated with the hydrofracking process.The strong public attention and impact from this issue, coupled with the wide variety of professionals required to work together and form a coherent opinion on the matter -corporate executives, lawyers, insurance companies, governmental regulating bodies, politicians, engineers, etc. -makes the evaluation process complex.Therefore, it is imperative to thoroughly expose the infrastructure that must be developed to sustain this process (section 1), a more detailed description of what hydrofracking is, the various chemical constituents it utilizes, and how it is executed, and its technological advances (section 2), environmental impacts and their mitigation (section 3), the relevant governmental regulatory agencies, as well as their evaluation criteria (section 4), and economics of hydrofracking and trends in demand, costs and market prices (section 5).
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Evensen, D., R. Stedman, and B. Brown-Steiner. 2017. Resilient but not sustainable? Public perceptions of shale gas development via hydraulic fracturing. Ecology and Society 22(1):8. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09022-220108
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