A control study on pain characteristics and influencing factors in patients with depressive disorders—based on a 5-year follow-up report from the epidemiological survey of mental disorders in Shandong Province, China
Tao WangQian WangXiaojing LiCan WangRuzhan WangChenghui WangHao DingLiju QianXiaona WanXue TianZongyin HouFengjie LiuJindong LiuXiaojing ChengJingxuan Zhang
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Keywords:
Depression
General Health Questionnaire
Patient Health Questionnaire
I. INTRODUCTION AND METHODS. 1. Epidemiology: What Is It About? 2. Some Useful Concepts in Epidemiology. 3. Rates: A Basic Epidemiological Tool. 4. Epidemiological Methods. 5. Epidemiological Transitions in Disease Patterns Over Time. 6. Epidemiology and Control of Diseases of Infectious Origin. 7. Epidemiology and Control of Diseases of Noninfectious Etiology. II. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE LIFE CYCLE. 8. Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality During Pregnancy and Infancy. 9. Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Childhood and Adolescence. 10. Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Young and Middle Adulthood. 11. Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality Over Age 65. III. APPLICATIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. 12. Etiology and Natural History. 13. Disease Control and Surveillance. 14. Screening. 15. Clinical Decision Making. 16. Health Planning Evaluation.
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Screening at the community level will provide keys to promoting health and preventing diseases at the community level and serve as the fulcrum for timely detection and intervention. This study aims to assess the prevalence and nature of mental disorder among the general population using the patient health questionnaire (PHQ). It also compares the use of PHQ and GHQ as general screening tools for mental disorders.This community-based study is cross sectional in design. Multistage sampling technique was used to obtain a representative sample of the communities. The PHQ and GHQ-12 questionnaires were concurrently administered by health care workers that were nondoctors to screen for psychiatric symptoms.A total of 758 participants took part in the study, 496 (65.4%) of the subjects had a form of psychopathology or the other using PHQ and 143 (18.9%) using GHQ questionnaire (χ(2) = 20.92, P = 0.000). Three hundred and thirty one subjects (43.7%) met the criteria for Somatoform disorder but 6.0% ever treated at PHC, 269 (35.5%) for depression and 4.8% ever treated, 127 (16.8%) for panic disorder and 5.5% ever treated, while 165 (21.8%) for general anxiety and 4.8% ever treated. Predictors of psychopathology were individuals who were singles (OR = 0.64, CI = 0.49-0.93) concerns about their health (OR = 3.06, CI = 2.06-4.56), worried about finance (OR = 1.84, CI = 1.27-2.67), worried about family life (OR = 2.68, CI = 1.61-4.72), and stressed at work (OR = 1.16, CI = 1.06-1.28).There is a high prevalence of psychopathology at the community level in this African population and few had ever been treated. PHQ as a general screening tool has a higher false-positive value compared to GHQ when used by nondoctors. PHQ should be used as an instrument to screen for specific mental disorders rather than a general screening tool for psychiatric morbidity at the community level.
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Patient Health Questionnaire
Depression
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Teaching epidemiology in and out of the classroom, J.H. Abramson teaching the reluctant student, C. du V. Florey principles of epidemiology study design and planning, A. Ahlbom data collection and processing, E. Schach preparing for statistical analysis, J. Olsen teaching statistical methods in epidemiology, D. Clayton clinical epidemiology, J.A. Baron epidemiology in health services research, R.D. Weir screening for cancer, N. Day cancer epidemiology, C.S. Muir psychiatric epidemiology, R. Fuhrer and E. Fombonne occupational epidemiology, F. Merletti and P. Comba epidemiology of coronary heart disease, P. Ducimetiere and A. Kalandidi epidemiology of ageing and diseases in the elderly, A. Hofman epidemiology of infectious diseases and the study of outbreaks, D. Reid teaching the practice of epidemiology, U. Brinkmann the epidemiology of tropical diseases, M.E. Wilson epidemiology of AIDS, D. Trichopoulos et al teaching oral and dental epidemiology, F. Scheutz and A. Sheiham pharmacoepidemiology, M.S. Porta and X. Carne teaching epidemiology in EC countries, S. Allwright and J. Pemberton application and teaching of epidemiology developments in the European region of the World Health Organization, M. Thuriaux.
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epiweek creates epidemiological week and equivalent epidemiological year from the calendar date. It extends the week function of Stata. Each epidemiological week begins on a Sunday and ends on Saturday. And the first epidemiological week of year ends on the first Saturday of January, provided that it falls at least four or more days into the month. epiweek2 converts epidemiological week and epidemiological year to the calendar date with the starting Sunday and the ending Saturday.
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Epidemiology of cancer
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epiweek creates epidemiological week and equivalent epidemiological year from the calendar date. It extends the week function of Stata. Each epidemiological week begins on a Sunday and ends on Saturday. And the first epidemiological week of year ends on the first Saturday of January, provided that it falls at least four or more days into the month. epiweek2 converts epidemiological week and epidemiological year to the calendar date with the starting Sunday and the ending Saturday.
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Depression which is characterized by hopelessness and loss of interest in social activities is common during adolescence. However it is often unrecognized and the burden is even more in low income countries. It also increases the risk of suicide in future. Hence in a developing country like Nepal it is important that such cases are detected at the early stage preventing further worsening of the condition. A simple set of questionnaires like Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) 9 can be used to screen for depression. Using this questionnaire screening for depression was carried out in adolescents of Gokarneshwor municipality, ward 4. Four hundred and twenty participants were selected by the process of systematic random sampling. Based on answers to nine questions score was given and adolescents categorized as having no, mild, moderate or severe depression. The PHQ 9 score suggested that 13.1% were suffering from depression, out of which 23.6% from moderate to severe depression which required psychiatric consultation. Out of those shown to have some form of depression 40.0% said they had thought of self harm in last 2 weeks. Late adolescence was significantly associated with depression. Thoughts related to self harm were also six times more in late adolescent age group than the early adolescent age group.
Depression
Patient Health Questionnaire
Systematic sampling
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Depression
Patient Health Questionnaire
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Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic levels globally. Depression as a comorbidity in patients with Diabetes Mellitus has been reported by many studies. The coexistence of diabetes and depression is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and increased healthcare cost. The reports of studies are conflicting and the exact mechanisms linking depression and diabetes are unclear. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence as well as the correlation of depression with socio demographic profile, duration of disease state, presence of complications and effect of therapeutic intervention in patients with Diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted with an aim of assessing depression as a comorbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Depression was assessed using the patient health questionairre-9 (PHQ-9). Results: Depression as defined by PHQ score ?5 was present in 45% of the individuals. Severe depression (PHQ score ?15) was present in 8% subjects, moderate depression (PHQ score ?10) in 14% subjects, and mild depression was present in 23% of subjects. Coexisting depression in patients with diabetes was associated with decreased adherence to treatment, poor metabolic control, higher complication rates, decreased quality of life and increased disability. Depression was significantly more prevalent in rural subjects (59%) as compared to urban ones (26%). Conclusion: Coordinated strategies for clinical care are necessary to improve clinical outcomes and reduce the burden of illness. Currently, recognition of depression among individuals with diabetes is suboptimal, therefore global approaches to establish coordinated, multifaceted interventions to improve early recognition of depression and early initiation of treatment for depression are required to reduce the worldwide burden of depression among individuals with diabetes. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Depression,
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The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis, F. Schultz Larsen epidemiology of contract dermatitis, H.A. Smit and P.J. Coenraads epidemiology of urticaria, T. Schafer and J. Ring epidemiology of allergic rhinitis, B. Sibbald epidemiology of asthma, M.L. Burr epidemiology of allergic occupational lung diseases, K.M. Venables epidemiology of food related clinical symptoms in childhood, S. Strobel epidemiology of insect sting allergy, U.R. Muller epidemiology of allergic drug reactions, R. Hoigne, et al genetic aspects of atopy, W.O.C.M. Cookson epidemiology of factors which promote or protect against allergy, L. Nilsson and B. Bjorksten.
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