Case Report: Can preoperative implantation of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation lead to embolic events in infective endocarditis?
Tianlong LiXiaoxiao WuTingrui ChenChun PanRuiming YueChunlin XiangTao YuZhenjie JiangXiaobo HuangXuemei TangYiping Wang
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Abstract:
Early-stage infective endocarditis (IE) can lead to severe complications, including infarctions and metastatic infections caused by inflammatory embolus shedding. Common embolism sites include the brain, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and intestines. Additionally, acute heart failure (AHF) can occur in up to 40% of cases, and its presence can impact the clinical outcomes of patients with IE. Cardiogenic shock (CGS) is often more likely to occur after AHF has taken place. If bacteria invade the blood, infectious shock can occur. Patients with IE can experience simple CGS, septic shock, or a combination of the two. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) typically serves as a Bridge for Heart failure and Cardiogenic shock. Previous research indicates that there are limited reports of ECMO support for patients with IE after CGS has occurred. Because CGS may occur at any time during IE treatment, it is important to understand the timing of ECMO auxiliary support and how to carry out comprehensive treatment after support. Timely treatment can help to reduce or avoid the occurrence of serious complications and improve the prognosis of patients with IE. Our work combines a case study to review the ECMO support of IE patients after CGS through a literature review. Overall, we suggest that when patients with IE have large bacterial thrombosis and a greater risk of shedding, it is recommended to carefully evaluate the indications and contraindications for ECMO after discussion by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Still, active surgical treatment at an early stage is recommended.Keywords:
Infective Endocarditis
Embolectomy
Abstract: Patients with cardiogenic shock refractory to conventional management require advanced mechanical circulatory support such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In hospitals lacking ECMO facilities, interhospital transportation is necessary for further patient management. Thirty‐one adult cardiac patients, who were transported to our hospital by our ECMO transport team between January 1998 and July 2004, were enrolled in this study. The median transportation distance was 200 km (range: 3–300 km). During transportation, the ECMO circuit per se and the patients did not have complications. Of the 31 patients, 20 (64.2%) were weaned off ECMO or bridged to ventricular assist devices and 10 patients (32.1%) survived to discharge. Delayed transfer (>2 days) and high organ dysfunction score were associated with poor outcomes. The survival rate was similar to that of our in‐hospital group (survival rate: 32.8%, n = 64). In conclusion, adult cardiogenic shock patients requiring interhospital ECMO transport had a reasonable chance of survival.
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Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the Therapy of Cardiogenic Shock Due to Fulminant Myocarditis
This article presents a clinical case of a 40-year-old woman with fulminant myocarditis which progressed rapidly to the development of cardiogenic shock resistant to standard intensive care, but with a positive response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
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The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used in the neonatal and childhood periods with excellent results. The adult experience has been modest with inferior immediate results. The intermediate survival, however, has been promising. We have been using the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for temporary mechanical circulatory support of adults that present with acute refractory cardiogenic shock in our institution. There is no other published experience of the use of this system in this scenario in Brazil.To describe our experience with the use of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for circulatory support in adults.Retrospective analysis of the medical files of patients submitted to the implant of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system for circulatory assistance in acute and refractory cardiogenic shock.Eleven patients (63,5 yo; 45,5% male) were considered for analysis from 2005 to 2007. Median support time was 77 hours (10-240 h) and 5 patients have survived 30 days (45,5%). Two patients were subsequently submitted to prolonged paracorporeal circulatory assistance. Mortality on ECMO (6 patients) was due to multiple organ failure (66,6%) and refractory bleeding (33,4%).ECMO system is an option to be used in acute refractory cardiogenic shock as a bridge to recovery or selecting patients that might benefit from prolonged paracorporeal assist devices (bridge to bridge).
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Mortality in infarct-related cardiogenic shock (CS) remains high, reaching 40-50%. In refractory CS, active mechanical circulatory support devices including veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) are rapidly evolving. However, supporting evidence of VA-ECMO therapy in infarct-related CS is low. The current review aims to give an overview on the basics of VA-ECMO therapy, current evidence, ongoing trials, patient selection and potential complications.
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Background. Cardiogenic shock caries high mortality and morbidity. Myocarditis patients developing cardiogenic shock refractory to medical treatment might benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or mechanical ventricular assist devices. Methods. A retrospective, single center observational study to assess the rate and outcomes of mechanical circulatory support of patients with fulminant myocarditis related cardiogenic shock. Short-term outcomes were evaluated. The primary endpoint of the study was hospital survival. Results. Two hundred ninetyone patient were supported with short-term mechanical assist devices at our institution during 12 year period. Among them, 4 (1.4%) were treated for myocarditis related cardiogenic shock. All patients were female, with a mean age of 34±4 years. In one case surgically implantable short-term mechanical assist device was used, in other three cases – extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The mean duration of the support was 364±273 hours, mean intensive care unit stay – 35±29 days. Three of four patients were successfully weaned from the support and discharged from the hospital with complete heart function recovery. Conclusion. Patient with fulminant myocarditis, who would have died without the initiation of mechanical circulatory, had favorable short-term outcome with 75% survival rate.
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Cardiovascular system involvement and its negative prognostic impact have been increasingly identified in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Optimal medical treatment allows for safe management of most of these cardiovascular presentations while COVID-19-associated refractory cardiogenic shock could be rescued by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). We present a case of acute myocardial injury related to COVID-19 complicated by refractory cardiogenic shock and treated by VA-ECMO implantation.
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Primary cardiac lymphomas (PCLs) are rare in immunocompetent patients. Their clinical presentation is highly variable and in case of cardiogenic shock, death is often inevitable with a diagnosis made post-mortem. We report the case of a 65-year old immunocompetent man with cardiogenic shock requiring emergent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Soon after, a diagnosis of PCL was given and chemotherapy was delivered under ECMO support. The patient was progressively weaned from the mechanical support. Six months later, he had fully recovered.
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