Underwater Shock Wave-Enhanced Cavitation to Induce Morphological Changes and Cell Permeabilization in Microscopic Fungi
Miguel Ángel Martínez-MaldonadoBlanca E. Millán‐ChiuFrancisco J. FernándezDaniel Larrañaga OrdazMiguel A. Gómez‐LimAchim M. Loske
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Since the discovery of extracorporeal lithotripsy, there has been an increased interest in studying shock wave-induced cavitation, both to improve this technique and to explore novel biotechnological applications. As shock waves propagate through fluids, pre-existing microbubbles undergo expansion and collapse, emitting high-speed microjets. These microjets play a crucial role in the pulverization of urinary stones during lithotripsy and have been utilized in the delivery of drugs and genetic materials into cells. Their intensity can be amplified using tandem shock waves, generated so that the second wave reaches the bubbles, expanded by the first wave, during their collapse. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the control of microjet emissions. This study aimed to demonstrate that specific effects can be obtained by tuning the delay between the first and second shock waves. Suspensions containing Aspergillus niger, a microscopic fungus that produces metabolites with high commercial value, were exposed to single-pulse and tandem shock waves. Morphological changes were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Proteins released into the medium after shock wave exposure were also studied. Our findings suggest that, with enhanced control over cavitation, the detachment of proteins using conventional methods could be significantly optimized in future studies.Admittance
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In this paper, a new tool is proposed to carry out acoustic cavitation monitoring and to have an overview of its effects in applications. After a brief review of the cavitation characterization techniques, it is shown that cavitation noise is a suitable and accurate indicator of the cavitation activity induced in a liquid. In the first part of this study, the origin of the first spectral component of the cavitation noise is discussed. The f/2 and 2 f component evolution measurement at a driving frequency around 1 MHz confirms Neppiras' ones and gives an indicator of the cavitation inception. In the second part, the cavitation noise spectrum distortion is considered as a function of the acoustic power transmitted to the liquid in order to obtain an indicator of cavitation activity. In the last part, this new tool is used to bring to the fore the hysteresis effect associated with the cavitation. An experimental correlation between cavitation noise power measurement and the sonochemical activity in an oxidization process is also presented.
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It is a well known but puzzling result that zones within star formation regions sometimes show molecular hydrogen emission at very high (∼100 km s−1) velocities. These kinds of observations are somewhat difficult to explain because non-magnetized, J-type shock waves of velocities above ∼20 km s−1 mostly dissociate the molecules present in the preshock medium, and therefore produce almost no H2 emission. We quantify this result by presenting models of steady shock waves moving into a molecular environment, which show that the H2 molecules are indeed dissociated in the immediate postshock region for higher shock velocities. We argue that the total destruction of molecules by high-velocity shocks is a direct result of the assumption of an instantaneous ‘turning on’ of the flow that is generally done in computing shock models. We present models in which a shock wave gradually accelerates over a period of ∼1000 yr as would be expected, for example, from the ‘turning on’ of an outflow from a young star. We find that such shock waves are indeed able to accelerate significant masses of molecular material to velocities of ∼100 km s−1, and are a plausible explanation for widely observed high-velocity H2 emission.
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Development of the Pressure Vessel for Manufacturing the Rice-Powder Using the Underwater Shock Wave
We have been researching the food processing technology by using the underwater shock wave. The rice-powder used for various foods has been demanded in Japan now. The purpose of this study is designing and development of the pressure vessels for the manufacturing rice-powder device using the underwater shock wave. The pressure vessel was made into the oval shape which focuses the energies generated under the underwater shock wave. The speed and pressure of the shock wave which were generated underwater are confirmed with a high speed camera. The durability and performance of this device is confirmed by manufacturing the rice-powder.
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Hydrodynamic cavitation is used in various engineering fields, such as water treatment and chemical processing. Cavitation initiation is critical to assessing the cavitation effect in cavitation reactors, so cavitation initiation should be studied to improve cavitation in various fields. This paper investigates the mechanisms and characteristics of cavitation initiation in jet pump cavitation reactors (JPCRs) to intensify the cavitation. A criterion derived for cavitation initiation focuses on the fluctuating pressures caused by the velocity gradients. Experiments show that the criterion predicts low pressure cavitation and strong shear dominant cavitation in a JPCR. Then, the characteristics of these two cavitation mechanisms are investigated for various geometric parameters and operating conditions and a cavitation initiation regime map is developed for JPCR. The results show that cavitation occurs more easily, and the two cavitation mechanisms become increasingly more difficult to distinguish in the JPCR as the inlet pressure increases. The velocity gradient and loss coefficient increase with a decrease in suction pressure, which promotes cavitation. The low pressure cavitation and strong shear dominant cavitation are both more likely when the area ratio is relatively small. The induced pressure spectra further show that the low frequency component dominates during the formation of the low pressure cavitation, while the high frequency component dominates during the formation of the strong shear dominant cavitation. This study clarifies the cavitation mechanisms with special emphasis on the fluctuating pressure and the corresponding characteristics in the JPCR to provide guidance for JPCR applications in industry.
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Researchers use underwater acoustic equipment to explore the unknown ocean environment, which is one of the important means to understand and utilize the ocean. For underwater acoustic equipment, the application of underwater acoustic metamaterials is the premise to ensure and improve the performance of underwater acoustic communication, acoustic stealth, and sonar detection. Due to the limitations of mass density law and high hydrostatic pressure, traditional underwater acoustic materials cannot effectively absorb low-frequency sound waves and have low efficiency of elastic energy conversion. The sound absorption effect is poor under low frequency and high hydrostatic pressure. In recent years, with the development of acoustic metamaterials technology, all kinds of underwater acoustic metamaterials have also been proposed. Compared with sound waves propagating in the air, underwater sound is more difficult to control than air sound with the same frequency, so the design of underwater acoustic metamaterials is more complicated. This paper reviews the basic characteristics, development history of sound absorption, sound insulation decoupling, and underwater acoustic guided metamaterials, then the existing problems and the future development direction of underwater acoustic metamaterials are discussed.
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We have observed the structure and velocity of laser-driven shock waves in aluminum foils. We have measured shock velocities as high as 13 km/s and shock luminosity rise-times less than 50 ps, and we have inferred pressures of 200 GPa and shock-front thicknesses 0.7 \ensuremath{\mu}m. These results suggest that such techniques may be used for measuring equation-of-state parameters and studying the detailed structure of shock fronts.
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