Chain length of covalently bound ceramides correlates with skin barrier function in healthy subjects
4
Citation
10
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Keywords:
Corneocyte
Epidermis (zoology)
Barrier function
Lamellar granule
Sphingolipid
Human skin is the largest organ of the body and is an effective physical barrier keeping it from environmental conditions. This barrier function of the skin is based on stratum corneum, located in the uppermost skin. Stratum corneum has corneocytes surrounded by multilamellar lipid membranes which are composed of cholesterol, free fatty acids and ceramides (CERs). Alterations in ceramide content of the stratum corneum are associated with numerous skin disorders. In recent years, CERs have been incorporated into conventional and novel carrier systems with the purpose of exogenously applying CERs to help the barrier function of the skin. This review provides an overview of the structure, function and importance of CERs to restore the barrier function of the skin following their topical application.
Corneocyte
Barrier function
Skin Barrier
Human skin
Cite
Citations (62)
Upon topical application of liposomes of the large unilamellar vesicle type to human epidermis reconstructed in vitro, there is a dose‐dependent alteration of the morphology of both the stratum corneum and the living part of the epidermis. In particular. shrunken lipid droplets are found between corneocytes and keratinocytes, Sometimes, corneocytes show inclusions reminiscent of 'cholesterol crystals', Corneocytes, moreover, show a decreased density. Both corneocytes of the various layers of the stratum corneum and keratinocytes belonging to the uppermost layer of the living epidermis show particularly osmophilic membranes. indicating lipid transfer. Intact liposomes or their remnants can sometimes be seen between corneocytes of the upper strata, The presence of liposomal lipid within the stratum corneum is supported by the presence of gold particles used as a marker. There is, however, no evidence for the uptake of intact liposomes by the living epidermis, or their passage through this compartment of the skin.
Corneocyte
Epidermis (zoology)
Human skin
Cite
Citations (47)
The stratum corneum (SC) is the uppermost tissue of the skin. It protects the body against external impacts and prevents it from desiccation. The stratum corneum is a thin tissue of ∼20 µm, which is mainly composed of two fractions: lipids and proteins. The proteins are located in the corneocytes and these cells are embedded in a continuous lipid matrix.
Corneocyte
Stratum
Cite
Citations (63)
Corneocyte
Transepidermal water loss
Barrier function
Lamellar granule
Human skin
Cite
Citations (70)
Skin tissue may be engineered in a variety of ways. Our cultured skin substitute (Graftskin, living skin equivalent or G-LSE), Apligraf™, is an organotypic culture of skin, containing both a "dermis" and "epidermis." The epidermis is an important functional component of skin, responsible for biologic wound closure. The epidermis possesses a stratum corneum which develops with time in culture. The stratum corneum provides barrier function properties and gives the LSE improved strength and handling characteristics. Clinical experience indicated that the stratum corneum might play an important role in improving the clinical utility of the LSE. Handling and physical characteristics improved with time in culture. We examined the LSE at different stages of epidermal maturation for barrier function and ability to persist as a graft. LSE grafted onto athymic mice before significant development of barrier function did not withstand bandage removal at 7 days postgraft. LSE grafted after barrier function had been established in vitro were able to withstand bandage removal at day 7. Corneum lipid composition and structure are critical components for barrier function. Media modifications were used in an attempt to improve the fatty acid composition of the stratum corneum. The barrier developed more rapidly and was improved in a serum-free, lipid-supplemented condition. Lipid lamellar structure was improved with 10% of the stratum corneum exhibiting broad-narrow-broad lipid lamellar arrangements similar to human skin. Fatty acid metabolism was not appreciably altered. Barrier function in vitro was 4- to 10-fold more permeable than human skin. Epidermal differentiation does not compromise engraftment or the wound healing ability of the epidermis. The stratum corneum provides features beneficial for engraftment and clinical use. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Barrier function
Corneocyte
Epidermis (zoology)
Lamellar granule
Skin equivalent
Transepidermal water loss
Artificial skin
Human skin
Cite
Citations (39)
The permeability barrier is mediated by a mixture of ceramides, sterols, and free fatty acids arranged as extracellular lamellar bilayers in the stratum corneum. Whereas prior studies have shown that cholesterol and ceramides are required for normal barrier function, definitive evidence for the importance of nonessential fatty acids is not available. To determine whether epidermal fatty acid synthesis also is required for barrier homeostasis, we applied 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furancarboxylic acid (TOFA), an inhibitor of acetyl CoA carboxylase, after disruption of the barrier by acetone or tape stripping. TOFA inhibits epidermal fatty acid by approximately 50% and significantly delays barrier recovery. Moreover, coadministration of palmitate with TOFA normalizes barrier recovery, indicating that the delay is due to a deficiency in bulk fatty acids. Furthermore, TOFA treatment also delays the return of lipids to the stratum corneum and results in abnormalities in the structure of lamellar bodies, the organelle which delivers lipid to the stratum corneum. In addition, the organization of secreted lamellar body material into lamellar bilayers within the stratum corneum interstices is disrupted by TOFA treatment. Finally, these abnormalities in lamellar body and stratum corneum membrane structure are corrected by coapplication of palmitate with TOFA. These results demonstrate a requirement for bulk fatty acids in barrier homeostasis. Thus, inhibiting the epidermal synthesis of any of the three key lipids that form the extracellular, lipid-enriched membranes of the stratum corneum results in an impairment in barrier homeostasis.
Lamellar granule
Barrier function
Transepidermal water loss
Cite
Citations (163)
Corneocyte
Transepidermal water loss
Barrier function
Human skin
Lamellar granule
Cite
Citations (73)
Corneocyte
Barrier function
Cite
Citations (105)
Corneocyte
Homogenization
Penetration (warfare)
Cite
Citations (26)
A variety of abnormalities of the uninvolved skin have been reported in psoriasis, but there are few studies in which abnormalities of the stratum corneum (SC) have been investigated. In this study we have examined the intracorneal cohesion and structural detail of corneocytes of the SC from involved and uninvolved sites in 24 patients with psoriasis and 10 controls. We have found that intracorneal cohesion is increased in the involved and uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients compared to controls and that there are abnormalities of stratum corneum and corneocyte structure as determined by scanning electron microscopy. The changes in the uninvolved sites may well be due to the increased rate of epidermal cell production in these areas.
Corneocyte
Stratum
Cite
Citations (12)