The effects of repeated backward running training on measures of physical fitness in youth male soccer players
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Abstract:
This study explored the effects of an 8-week repeated backward running training (RBRT) programme on measures of physical fitness in youth male soccer players. Youth male soccer players were randomly allocated into a RBRT group (n = 20; 13.95 ± 0.22y) or a control group (CG; n = 16; 14.86 ± 0.29y). The CG continued normal soccer training, while the RBRT group replaced some soccer drills with RBRT twice per week. Within-group analysis revealed that RBRT improved all performance variables (∆-9.99% to 14.50%; effect size [ES] = −1.79 to 1.29; p ≤ 0.001). Meanwhile, trivial-to-moderate detrimental effects on sprinting and change of direction (CoD) speed (∆1.55% to 10.40%; p ≤ 0.05) were noted in the CG. The number of individuals improving performance above the smallest worthwhile change ranged from 65–100% across all performance variables in the RBRT group, whereas<50% in the CG reached that threshold. The between-group analysis indicated that the RBRT group improved performance on all performance tasks more than the CG (ES = −2.23 to 1.10; p ≤ 0.05). These findings demonstrate that substituting part of a standard soccer training regimen with RBRT can enhance youth soccer players' sprinting, CoD, jumping, and RSA performance.Keywords:
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Abstract : This work provides an historic context for military training lands, written to satisfy a part of Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 as amended. Cultural resources personnel at the installation level and their contractors will use this historic context to determine whether military training resources are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and whether an adverse effect will take place. This overall project covered five types of military training: small arms ranges, large arms ranges, training villages and sites, bivouac areas, and large-scale operation areas. This document provides an historic context of small arms ranges on military training lands for the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Army Air Corps/U.S. Air Force, and the U.S. Marines, with a focus on the landscape outside the developed core of military installations. This work determined that military training lands are significant enough in our nation's history to be surveyed for eligibility to the NRHP. However, training lands must be viewed as a whole; individual buildings on a training range are rarely eligible for the NRHP; buildings in their larger context (and the integrity of that larger context) are important.
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