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三峡工程举世瞩目，是长江流域大保护与流域水安全保障的关键性枢纽工程。自2003年三峡工程蓄水以来，在防洪、发电、航运、供水等方面产生了巨大的经济、社会及生态环境等综合效益。同时，水库建成后，重庆至宜昌600多km的自然河道变成了人为控制的大型河流型深水水库，不仅在库区形成了诸如消落带、干-支流往复交融的独特生境，而且由于下泄水流、泥沙、营养盐等水文及生物地球化学要素的时空变化，长江中、下游河床冲淤及演变均出现了一些新特征，江-湖关系也变得比2003年之前更加错综复杂，长江流域迎来了“后三峡工程”时代。为了阶段性系统总结、交流这20年来三峡水库生态环境效应研究的成果，《湖泊科学》编辑委员会特邀我们组织了本专辑。自2022年4月发布征稿启示以来，先后收到各类来稿60余篇，经过多轮审稿，最终25篇得以录用发表。 专辑不少研究成果都数据翔实、针对性强，体现了当下我国三峡工程生态环境效应研究的水平。(1)在水文水资源方面，不仅总结了长江中下游干流及两湖的径流泥沙变化，而且研究改进了三峡入库洪水概率预报方法，尤其是针对工程运用后三峡水库泥沙淤积及长江中下游河床调整、河道冲刷、航道水深资源等方面更是有多篇论文刊发。(2)在水环境水生态方面，对水动力、水沙变化引起的生态环境效应进行了系统的归纳和分析，并对水库消落带土壤-植物-微生物作用下的氮循环关键过程研究进行了系统回顾；研究认为，目前的水库富营养化及潜在的水华风险主要在支流，但是对干、支流浮游植物生长增殖的因果响应也要积极关注。(3)在流域生物多样性保育方面，专辑重点关注了消落区植物群落演变及优势植物适应策略、后三峡工程时代的鄱阳湖湿地植被生产力演变以及水库库尾江段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源等。(4)在流域水安全方面，有论文针对库湾水-气界面热交换过程及水体稳定性进行了分析；我们高兴的发现，模拟分析揭示了三峡水库成库以来的气候效应主要集中在局地和近地层，而不是区域性的，这一研究成果无疑具有积极和深远的意义。(5)作为我国最大的水库，其温室气体排放及对“碳中和”“碳达峰”的贡献研究，无疑也引起了国内外学者的积极和长期关注，专辑中对水库CO2、CH4通量监测分析研究进行了系统回顾与展望，这也将是未来三峡水库的研究热点之一。 这是《湖泊科学》近10年来策划出版的第4个专辑。专辑不在多而在于精，未来我们还将持续关注三峡水库，长期跟踪、重点报道后三峡工程时代长江流域水资源、水生态、水环境、水安全方面的研究成果，更好的为长江大保护和我国水生态文明建设服务。;The Three Gorges Project is a key pivotal hydro-project in the Yangtze River Basin for the protection and security of water resources, which has been attracting worldwide attention over the past decades. Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2003, the project has created great economic, social, and ecological benefits in terms of flood control, hydropower generation, navigation, and water supply. Meanwhile, the reservoir formation has drastically transformed the 600km natural river reach of Yangtze, from Chongqing to Yichang, to a large river-valley dammed reservoir with deep water regulated by the dam. Such has created unique landscapes and habitats within the reservoir, e.g., drawdown area along the shorelines, reciprocal fluctuating backwater water area between tributaries and the main stem, etc. In addition, the regulation of the reservoir discharge also leads to new patterns of spatiotemporal variations of hydrological and biogeochemical parameters, e.g., sediment transport, fluvial equilibrium of downstream channels, nutrient exports, etc. The river-lake relationships in the mid and lower reach of the Yangtze have been becoming more complex than before 2003. The Yangtze River basin is now in a post-Three-Gorges-Project era. To summarize the state of research on the ecological and environmental effects caused by the Three Gorges Reservoir in the past 20 years, the editorial board of the Journal of Lake Sciences invited us to organize this special issue. The call for papers was announced in April 2022. Since then, more than 60 manuscripts have been received, and after extensive reviews, 25 of them were finally accepted for publication. The manuscripts collected in the special issue are informative and relevant, representing the knowledge-of-the-art of the ecological and environmental effects of the giant hydro-project in history. (1) In the area of hydrology and water resources, sediment transport in the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze, as well as their exchange with the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, were elaborated. The special issue also collected novel methodologies for the flood prediction of the reservoir inflow, in particular, the fluctuation of a downstream riverbed after the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir, as well as the situation of river scouring and channel depth variation, were extensively discussed. (2) In the area of water environment and aquatic ecology, the special issue systematically addressed the ecological and environmental effects caused by hydrological and hydrodynamic conditions. The important biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen within the soil-plant-microbial interactions in the reservoir drawdown area were also reviewed and discussed profoundly. It highlighted the tributaries of the Yangtze in the reservoir, exhibiting the trends of eutrophication, had potential risks of algal blooms. However, the causal chain of phytoplankton growth in the main stem and tributaries should also be taken into further attention. (3) In the area of watershed biodiversity conservation, the special issue collected manuscripts on the evolution of vegetation communities and adaptive strategies of dominant populations in the drawdown area. The evolution of vegetation productivity in the wetland of Poyang Lake was discussed. The research on drifting egg-producing fish populations was also included in the special issue. (4). In the watershed water security, manuscripts in the special issue discussed the air-water heat transfer process and thermal stability of the water column in the reservoir. Rather than regionally, we were delighted to find that modeling analysis revealed that the potential climatic effect caused by the project were mainly limited to the local scale or near-surface layer. Undoubtedly, this result seemed to be positive with considerable significance. (5) As China’s largest reservoir, greenhouse emissions from the reservoir have been the concern of academic communities, stakeholders, and policymakers, particularly about its potential contribution to China’s road to carbon neutrality. The special issue collected recent advances and outlooks on field monitoring and analysis of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in the reservoir. We believed that this would be a research hot spot shortly. This is the fourth special issue in the Journal of Lake Sciences over the past decade. It is not the number of manuscripts that counts but the quality of the research. In the future, we will continue to focus on the Three Gorges Reservoir, and report on the state of the research on hydrology, ecology, and environment and watershed water security in the Yangtze River Basin in the Post-Three-Gorges-Project era. These efforts will better serve the Great Protection Strategy of the Yangtze River and ecological civilization in China.Keywords:
Flood control
th , 2012; revised: Aug. 28 th , 2012; accepted: Sep. 7 th , 2012 Abstract: In order to analyze the effect of cascade reservoir storages on flood control of the Chuan River, three flood control storage schemes, which are design flood control storage half of design flood control stor- age and none storage, are assumed. For the design flood with different frequencies, a flood control cascade operation model has been adopted to simulate the regulation of flood control operation. The results show that if inflow from the Min River and other tributaries are larger, the flood control effect of the lower Jinsha River cascade reservoirs on the Chuan River wouldn't be significant. If inflow from the Jinsha River is larger, the effect of flood control on the Chuan River with each scheme will be different. The scheme of design flood control storage has the best flood control effect; while the scheme with none storage can't guarantee flood control safety of the Chuan River.
Flood control
Inflow
Flood Mitigation
Water storage
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The research on the flood control system of Yangtze River and its general layout is an important content of the Comprehensive Planning of Yangtze River Basin. According to the practical condition of Yangtze River and long-time research as well as planning practice,the main components of flood control system and flood control countermeasures of the mid-lower reaches,the main stem of upper reach and the main tributaries are introduced. Under the guidance of flood control policy and principles of Yangtze River,the layout of flood control in the mid-lower reaches is taken as the keystone. The research achievements for the relationship between flood storage and flood discharge and the planned flood diversion measures for extra-flood in typical years are also presented. The necessity of perfecting the comprehensive flood control system for tackling the climatic change and adapting to the society and economy development in the basin after completion of some controlling hydropower projects such as TGP is pointed out.
Flood control
Yangtze river
Flood forecasting
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Erhua(huaxian and huayin county) basin of tributaries from South Mountain at downstream area of Weihe River is a component area of the Sanmenxia Reservoir.It is one of important flood control areas in Shaanxi province.Aiming to the main problem that existed in the flood control of Erhua basin of tributaries from South Mountain,the necessity and feasibility that arrangement of hydrologic network in the area was researched,in order to provide better water regime information for the flood control of Sanmenxia reservoir area.
Flood control
Main river
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3 ABSTRACT: During flood periods, the operation of Chao Phraya Dam to control downstream water discharge causes flood inundation in upstream area, especially the water diversion in the irrigation areas. The purposes of this research are to study the effects of the operation of Chao Phraya Dam upon the upstream flood hydraulics and to study the harmony of the operation of Chao Phraya Dam, the regulators and the upstream reservoirs to model the flood situation with a hydrodynamic model and simulation techniques in flood inundation areas and for gate operation. The results shows that Manning's n in the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries are 0.030 - 0.035 in the main channels and 0.050 - 0.070 in the flood plain areas. The backwater due to the operation of Chao Praya dam affects as far as 110 kilometers upstream. New methods of water diversion can mitigate the flood inundation and have no effect to the floating rice's fields. The construction of the reservoirs in the Upper Sakaekang River Basin and the Upper Yom River Basin will mitigate the flood not only in their own basins but also in the Lower Chao Phraya River Basin. The operation of Chao Phraya Dam, the regulators and the upper reservoirs consistently will mitigate the flood inundation efficiently.
Flood control
Hydraulics
Main river
Flood forecasting
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This chapter documents and assesses the lessons learned from the management responses associated with case studies on a flood event, the Huai River in 2007, and a drought event, in south-west China in 2010. Because of the rainfall, the Huai River mainstream had multiple flood peaks. The water level of the Huai River was more than the warning water level for a total of 20-30days. The characteristics of the flood in the Huai River basin, include: the main and tributary floods occurred simultaneously, the combination of flood encountered, and obvious backwater effect in the middle reach. After the floods of 2007, the experience and lessons were seriously considered in the Huai River basin leading to the completion of a series of flood control regulations and planning decisions. The basic water supply for the people in the drought-affected areas was ensured through reservoir water supply, emergency water transfer, well water intake, and groundwater pumping.
Flood control
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In1990s,the dams of hydropower stations have made grea t flood control benefit during several extreme floods.Meanwhile,abnormal phenom enon occurring many times of less reservoir inflow but high water level over da m imperiled dam and downstream hugely.Therefore,con-cept of flood control sh ould be changed from controlling to managing,founding a set of system of flood control and disaster reduction with the whole people participating in,making sc ientific decision reasonably to avoid the risk of small flood but high water le vel and prevent overflow and dam failure event for ensuring national economy i n sustainable development.
Flood control
Inflow
Dam failure
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The planning process of upstream Yellow River, main achievements and developing status are summarized in this paper. The comprehensive utilization benefits regarding hydro-generation, irrigation, flood control, ice prevention are described, especially the regulation allocation of water resources for Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs. It reveals main contradictions in the use of water resources along the Yellow River.
Flood control
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Jinsha river is the upper stretch of the Yangtze, while the Minjiang river is a tributary on the left bank of the upper Yangtze. The two rivers converge at Hejiangmen of Yibin city, Shichuan province. Taking advantage of historical flood investigation data and the measured data from 1991～1998 of Pingshan hydrologic station on Jinsha river, Gaoyang hydrologic station on Minjiang river, and Lizhuang hydrologic station located 15 km downstream the confluence of the two rivers, through statistical computation of the annual maximum flood peak, the definite time interval flood volume, the flood encounter and composition of two rivers are analysed. The analysis results provide design basis for the flood control of Yibin city as well as its lower stretch.
Yangtze river
Flood control
Main river
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All extreme floods produced on Yangtze River may be divided into two types: full,basin type and regional one. The flood disasters are mainly caused by these floods. The counter,measures of the Yangtze River are the following: dealing mainly in key areas with consideration of ordinary areas; correct treatment of the relationship between rivers and lakes with benefits for the both; rational arrangement of both storage and discharge; general consideration of main river and tributaries floods; compatibility of between short,term control and long,term planning; implementing flood control program in a unified way.
Flood control
Yangtze river
Main river
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Eco-hydraulic analyses begin with the arrangement of tributaries. This research aimed to minimize the discharge of flood run-off downstream and map the flood inundation by spatial analysis uses DEMNAS data and mapping of flood inundation areas using ArcGIS. Analysis of return period flood points using HEC-RAS version 5.0.7. The data needed is the cross section of the river, the distance between the sections, the Manning's roughness number, the return period flood discharge and the slope of the river. The integration between topographic maps, watersheds and flood water levels can display areas that are potentially affected by inundation floods, so that the flood inundation limits and flood inundation areas can be calculated. This research examined proper eco-hydraulics design so that it could reduce discharge, identify locations prone to flooding, and describe the magnitude of the flood impact quantitatively. The results eco-hydraulic method obtained the design border width of 100 m, the condition before the existing river border arrangement was carried out, the inundation height was 0.30 – 1.13 m and after the river border arrangement the discharge could be reduced to 113.09 – 209 m3/s and the inundation height is 0 – 0.31 m. Based on the research results, it is known that border arrangement can provide benefits for flood control measures.
Return period
Hydraulics
Flood control
Flood stage
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