A Global Database of Soil Plant Available Phosphorus
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Abstract Soil phosphorus drives food production that is needed to feed a growing global population. However, knowledge of plant available phosphorus stocks at a global scale is poor but needed to better match phosphorus fertiliser supply to crop demand. We collated, checked, converted, and filtered a database of c . 575,000 soil samples to c . 33,000 soil samples of soil Olsen phosphorus concentrations. These data represent the most up-to-date repository of freely available data for plant available phosphorus at a global scale. We used these data to derive a model ( R 2 = 0.54) of topsoil Olsen phosphorus concentrations that when combined with data on bulk density predicted the distribution and global stock of soil Olsen phosphorus. We expect that these data can be used to not only show where plant available P should be boosted, but also where it can be drawn down to make more efficient use of fertiliser phosphorus and to minimise likely phosphorus loss and degradation of water quality.Keywords:
Topsoil
Topsoils were harvested and stockpiled during road construction in northern California. After five months in storage, topsoils were reapplied to barren fill slopes (1.5:1 to 1:1). Early rains caused slumping and gullying on many of the plots. The remainder of the plots were used to compare plant growth on topsoiled and nontopsoiled plots and to compare soil nutrient content and biological activity of stockpiled topsoil with fresh topsoil which had not been stockpiled. A parallel greenhouse experiment allowed more detailed comparison of soil properties. Topsoil reapplication improved plant growth by 250% after three years compared to fill slopes which had no topsoil, but had equivalent application of all other nutrients, erosion control and seed materials. Topsoiled plots were predominantly covered by grasses, while the fill slopes were covered by clovers. Topsoil was not degraded in the stockpiling process. Indicators of plant growth, soil nutrient content, mycorrhizal infection and microbial biomass showed no decrease compared to treatments using fresh topsoil rather than stockpiled topsoil. Topsoil fraction had to exceed 20% of soil volume before significant improvements in plant growth and soil characteristics occurred. Higher rates are recommended in more severe environments. Moderate fertilization improved plant growth without decreasing mycorrhizal root production. Mineralizable nitrogen was shown to be predominantly derived from soil microbes. Topsoil stockpiling and reapplication are strongly recommended for improved regeneration of plant-soil systems. Stockpiling had little or no negative impact on topsoil quality.
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The salt alkali changes of groundwater,0-5 cm,5-10 cm,10-20 cm and 20-30 cm topsoil in coastal areas of East Hebei were studied.The results showed that the salt content of 0-5 cm topsoil was the highest with the average of 0.66%,which was 4-5 times than other topsoil depth.The changes of salt content of other three topsoil depth were not obvious.The salt content of topsoil was higher from the middle ten days of May to the middle ten days of June.The pH value of topsoil was stable,which was about 7.8,and the seasonal changes were little.The soil alkali was not the main factor influencing the growth of crops.The soil salt could be reduced in practical production.
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In order to study the fertility effect of planting alfalfa on millet growing,three fertility treatments,namely,alfalfa stubble soil whitout fertilizer application,non-alfalfa stubble soil with fertilizer application,and non-alfalfa stubble soil without fertilizer application were conducted to the millet cultivar of Chaogu No.6 growing in the cinnamon soil with low fertility level.The result of these experiment indicate that the alfalfa stubble soil without fertilizer in which has been planted for over three years was good for the physical and chemical character of soil,procreate target and its yield of millet was better than the other two treatments.
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The study aims to investigate and analyze actual situations of managing topsoil at forest development sites based on their types, in pursuit of conservation and effective use of national land. To do this, I selected target areas by deducting the typical types of forest development and analyzed the condition of soil at the target areas before and after development. In addition to this, I interviewed associated construction staffs to conduct study on present situations of topsoil management and find out its problems. I also surveyed of relevant experts, with the intention of seeking solutions. The results of the study have been shown that firstly, experts preferred collecting and recycling of topsoil as methods of improvement of soil conditions for plant growth. Secondly, the importance of topsoil has been well noticed and there were few construction sites using the methods. However, working and economical problems have disturbed carrying out these solutions. Thirdly, after constructions, organic matter and total-nitrogen content decreased in general which were necessary for plant growth in terms of soil conditions.
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Topsoil resources are important resources for ecological restoration in mining areas, although the topsoil stripped in practical projects can not be used for ecological restoration immediately. The changes that occur in topsoil after a certain period of storage in arid areas are not clear, so we have no insight on how to make the best use topsoil for ecological restoration after storage in the mining areas. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of topsoil accumulation on seed density and topsoil nutrient content in seed banks, which could provide a technical basis for vegetation reconstruction of coal mine damaged land in desert areas and theoretical support for ecological restoration practices. In this study, two storage methods of round table piles (hereafter referred to as YT) and cube ton bags (hereafter referred to as DD) were used to preserve uniformly mixed topsoil samples, and the loss of the soil seed bank and nutrient depletion under different topsoil storage methods were analyzed. In the two storage modes, the soil seed density loss on the surface of the pile was the largest, and the loss rate was 79.30%–83.65%. At a given sampling location, soil seed density increased significantly with soil depth (P<0.05). Compared with the change in seed density, soil nutrient loss was less pronounced, and the loss rate was between 8.92% and 16.62%. The seed density loss of the topsoil was the highest in both stacking modes. With the increase in the soil layer, soil seed density was significantly increased (P<0.05). At the same time, there was no significant difference in seed loss between the two storage modes. In the process of preservation, shrub seeds were the most seriously lost in the pile. The nutrient preservation effect of the ton bag storage mode (DD) was better than that of the round table storage mode (YT), and the soil nutrient loss of the top layer of the pile was the greatest, while the soil nutrient losses of other soil layers were lower.
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Effect of drying and rewetting the topsoil on root growth of maize and rape in different soil depths
Abstract The aim of the present experiments was to determine how fast maize and rape plants respond to drying and subsequent rewetting of the topsoil by changing their rooting patterns in different soil depths. Plants were grown in a glasshouse in large (120 × 10.5 × 5 cm) containers which allowed continuous observation of root growth and control of soil water contents at all depths. In both species, drying of the topsoil resulted in a rapid (after 6 d) decrease of root growth in the topsoil (0–40 cm) and an increase in the subsoil (80–120 cm). Increase of root growth in the subsoil preceded the decrease hi the topsoil. Drying of the topsoil decreased shoot P concentrations in both species, whereas the concentrations of N, K and Ca were not significantly affected despite enriched fertilizer levels in the topsoil. In both species, after rewetting, root growth in the topsoil rapidly recovered, and after 5 d exceeded that of the continuously irrigated plants. This increase of root growth an the topsoil occurred at the expense of root growth in the subsoil. The results demonstrate that maize and rape plants may rapidly respond to drying and rewetting the topsoil by locally increasing root growth in soil layers with the most favourable conditions. This plasticity in root growth is a factor which contributes to the maintenance of an adequate nutritional status.
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Based on the analysis of present topsoil construction technology, the maize field topsoil of Fuxin Daguben village was investigated in a bid to understand the typical soil structure characteristics of cultivated land in Liaoning Province. In light of the existing problems, such as the shallow cultivated land, the reduced the amount of effective topsoil, higher soil bulk density, the author proposes the development of a full range of topsoil compound operation with necessary equipment and reasonable soil layer fertilization and proper planting machines.
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On the basis of relevant data from multi-target regional geochemical surveys in Jiangsu province,this paper presents the results of the latest study of the distribution of phosphorus in topsoil in the study areas and discusses the in-depth study of the results of the investigation and applied problems.The following has been preliminarily found: total phosphorus is of very uneven distribution in topsoil of the province and its content is very high on the surface; volcanic ash soil originating from basic rocks,fluvio-aquic soil and salinized soil are three major P-rich soil types in the province; the Olsen-P distribution is not completely controlled by total P and the Olsen-P concentration is 5 mg/kg in 85% of the topsoil in the province; the deficiency of Olsen-P is markedly superior to that of total P in topsoil.Data comparison indicates that: the land use pattern can directly affect the distribution of Olsen-P in topsoil; the Olsen-P content in the topsoil of grassland,shoals and forest is notably lower than that in others cultivated land; and regression analysis indicates that there is a pronounced positive correlation between total P and Olsen-P in topsoil samples from local places.
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Abstract. The topsoil widely bought and sold for landscaping and similar schemes is intended to cover poor substrates and to provide improved growing conditions for plants. Two extensive surveys have shown that top soils at present being used are of very poor quality and rarely meet this requirement. Many of the substrates that the topsoils cover out‐perform them, or can readily be improved to do so if modern land reclamation techniques are used. From this it follows that there could, and should, be (i) much more discretion in the use of topsoil, (ii) more attention paid to the improvement of existing substrates, (iii) more consideration given to the use of other materials as topsoil substitutes, and (iv) more care taken in the choice of top soil materials where these have to be used. It is suggested that the present British Standard for topsoil is inadequate and that is should be replaced by a three‐tier system in which there would be separate specifications for; (i) high grade topsoil, (ii) lower grade topsoil, (iii) materials which can act as topsoil substitutes. In this way it should be possible to obtain a better and more reliable performance in landscaping schemes and lower costs.
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