Investigation on oxidation deposition characteristics and its inhibition tactics in aero-engine swirl nozzle

Abstract. Authorities at the supervising organization of Universities in Nigeria have proposed intensive local development of workshop and laboratory equipment as one effective way of solving this problem of lack of laboratory and workshop equipment for practical classes and research. It is in this view that the objectives of this study were to develop a swirl nozzle for use on a locally developed test equipment on which Spray cone angle tests were carried out on three developed swirl nozzle prototypes with swirl chamber length: diameter ratios of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 respectively. Each swirl nozzle prototype was mounted in sequence on a calibrated test rig and had the spray cone angles formed by the discharge tested at a nozzle supply pressure of 300 kPa while installed with 7 orifice plates, each of which, had a single orifice of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 mm diameter drilled respectively in its centre.The tests were repeated for nozzle supply pressures of 250 and 200 kPa respectively. When the generated spray cone angle data were subjected to statistical analysis, the results showed that both the swirl chamber length: diameter ratio and exit orifice diameter had significant effect on the spray cone angle formed by the nozzle discharge at a level of significance, Î± = 0.05. The best combination of the studied treatment levels for generating high spray cone angle was a 300 kPa nozzle supply pressure, swirl chamber length: diameter ratio of 1.00 and exit orifice diameter of 4.0 mm.

Ligand cone angle

Spray characteristics

Discharge coefficient

Cone (formal languages)

10.13031/aim.20131594839

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An Investigation Into the Performance of Two Inlet Nozzles for Flow Measurement

Journal of Fluids Engineering (1981)

Hiroaki Ito Y. Watanabe Hajime ISHIMARU Yutaka Abe

The discharge coefficients for two inlet nozzles with different contraction shapes were studied experimentally together with the behavior of the boundary layer on the nozzle wall. For the inlet nozzle which has the same contraction shape as the ISA 1932 nozzle, it was found that boundary-layer transition with an intermediary separation bubble is responsible for the occurrence of a large hump in the discharge coefficients. The well-rounded inlet nozzle showed a satisfactory performance. The effect of pressure tap size and that of the proximity of a wall to the inlet on discharge coefficients were quantified experimentally.

Discharge coefficient

10.1115/1.3240782

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Inlet Widening Along the Virginia Barrier Islands, Virginia, USA

James Haluska

Inlet change along the Virginia barrier islands has been studied on an individual inlet basis. This study evaluated the ten inlets both individually and as a group. Evaluating the inlets as a group allows the discovery of inlet change patterns among the inlets. Inlet width was measured from satellite and aerial images. Width is the straight-line distance from the northernmost fast land to southernmost fast land. Measurements spanned from July 1999 to April 2018 with a frequency of four to eight width measurements per year. Total width change to 2018 was 2 percent to 357 percent. The largest change was to Great Machipongo Inlet. The inlet widened from approximately 800 meters wide in 1999 to 3645 meters wide in 2018. This widening effectively splits the remaining nine inlets into two groups. Inlet widening patterns of the two groups are high rates for the first three or four inlets and a very low rate for the final inlet of the group. Wind direction change also plays a significant role in net inlet widening. Inlet widening has not abated and wider inlets will allow larger waves to affect environmentally and commercially important areas to the west of the barrier island/inlet system.

10.1002/essoar.10500191.1

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Dynamic control of needle-free jet injection

Journal of Controlled Release (2009)

Kinam Park

Discharge coefficient

Intensity

10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.03.001

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Sand Transport and Sand Bypassing at Selected Inlets

Cambridge University Press eBooks (2017)

J. van de Kreeke R. Brouwer

This chapter describes sand transport patterns and sand bypassing at seven inlets; five of these are located on the east coast of the USA (Price Inlet, Breach Inlet, Captain Sam's Inlet, Mason Inlet and Wachapreague Inlet), one inlet is located in the Bay of Plenty on the North Island of New Zealand (Katikati Inlet) and another is part of the Dutch Wadden Sea coast (Ameland Inlet). The inlets are selected because they are still in their natural state and have been extensively studied. Emphasis is on the mode of bypassing, location stability and their relationship with the P/M ratio. In judging the results, it should be pointed out that estimates of longshore sand transport have limited accuracy.

Longshore drift

10.1017/9781108157889.005

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بررسی و مطالعه سختی و رفتار سایشی سه پوشش TiN، TiCN و TiN-TiCN-TiN اعمال شده بر روی فولاد ابزار D2 به روش تبخیر پرتو الکترونی EB-PVD

فرآیندهای نوین در مهندسی مواد (2015)

حسین شفیعی حسن شفیعی علی شفیعی

در میان پوشش های سخت، پوشش نیترید تیتانیوم (TiN) وکربونیترید تیتانیوم (TiCN) به علت برخوداری از سختی بالا، مقاومت به خوردگی خوب و ضریب اصطکاک کم توانسته‌اند تا بیش از ده برابر باعث افزایش طول عمر یک ابزار گردند. اعمال این دو پوشش بر روی زیر لایه های مختلف می تواند توسط فرآیند های مختلفی صورت گیرد. انتخاب نوع فرایند پوشش‌دهی می‌تواند تا حد زیادی بر ساختار، خواص مکانیکی و رفتار تریبولوژیکی این پوشش‌ها تأثیر گذار باشند. بر اساس مطالعات و بررسی‌های انجام شده تا کنون کار چندانی بر روی مقایسه این دو پوشش هنگامی که به روش EB-PVD (Electron Beam Gun PVD) انجام شده باشد، صورت نپذیرفته است. در این پژوهش پس از اعمال سیکل عملیات حرارتی متداول سخت کردن شامل آستنیته کردن، کوئنچ و تمپر، ابتدا پوشش‌های تک‌لایه TiN و TiCN و چندلایه TiN– TiCN- TiN به روش EB-PVD برروی فولاد ابزار D2 اعمال شد. سپس با استفاده از میکروسکوپ‌های الکترونی روبشی SEM، نیروی اتمی AFM، دستگاه نانوایندنتور، دستگاه پراش پرتو ایکس و همچنین انجام آزمون گلوله بر روی دیسک، سختی و رفتار تریبولوژی‍‍‍‍‍‍کی دو پوشش TiN و TiCN چه به صورت تک‌لایه و یا چندلایه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. تجزیه و تحلیل الگوهای پراش پرتو ایکس در پوشش‌های ایجاد شده و استفاده از رابطه شرر گویای این مطلب است که پوشش‌های ایجاد شده با ضخامتی 2 تا 3 میکرون دارای ساختاری نانو با اندازه دانه در حدود 5 تا 6 میکرون می‌باشند. میزان زبری سطح پوشش‌های ایجاد شده برای پوشش های TiN و TiCN و چندلایه TiN– TiCN- TiN به ترتیب برابر با 12و22و29 نانومتر بدست آمد. نتایج آزمون‌های نانوسختی سنجی و همچنین سایش نشان می‌دهند‌که بالاترین سختی و مقاومت سایشی مربوط به پوشش TiCN و کمترین متعلق به پوشش TiN است در حالی که پوشش چندلایه در بین این دو قرار دارد.

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TiN의 충진처리가 확산방지막 특성에 미치는 영향(I) : Al/TiN/Si 구조

한국재료학회지 (1995)

박기철 김기범

Al과 Si사이에서 Ti의 충진처리가 확산방지막 성능에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사하였다. TiN의 충진처리는 450˚C의 N2 분위기에서 30분간 열처리함으로써 행하였다. TEM 분석을 통해 갓 증착된 TiN의 결정립 사이에는 약 10-20A 정도의 고체물질이 없거나 TiN에 비해 밀도가 매우 낮은 공간이 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 충진처리된 TiN의 경우에는 이러한 공간의 폭이 10A 이하로 줄어듦을 알 수 있었다. RBS와 AES 분석에 의해 갓 증착된 TiN는 dir 7at.% 정도의 산소를 함유하고 있었고, 충진처리된 TiN는 약 10-15at.%의 산소를 함유하고 있었다. 갓 증착된 TiN와 충진처리된 TiN를 확산방지막으로 시험한 결과, 갓 증착된 TiN는 650˚C, 1시간의 열처리 후에 Al 스파이크와 Si 패임자국의 형성으로 이해 파괴되었다. 하지만 충진처리된 TiN의 경우에는 같은 열처리 조건에서 Al 스파이크나 Si 패임자국을 전혀 찾아볼수 없었다. 따라서, TiN의 충진처리가 Al과 Si사이에서 확산 방지막 성능을 크게 향상시켜주는 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 충진처리 효과는 TiN의 결정립계의 간격이 줄어듦에 의해서 빠른 확산 경로인 결정립계를 통한 확산이 감소하는 것에 기인하는 것으로 이해된다.

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Research on Multifunctional Nozzle

Journal of Zhejiang Wanli University (2001)

Yong Wang

According to theory of the fluid mechanics,for example,the continuous equation of flowing stable fluid and so on,the multifunctional nozzle to be used for different hydraulic source of water was developed.We established a relationship between the quantity of moving nozzle rod and the throttling area of the nozzle.The optimum spout diameter and length of the nozzle from the test of the nozzle are selected by the orthogonal test.Therefore,the nozzle was tested and compared with the nozzle of the same kind.The spurt distance is (4.1m) farther than the nozzle of the same kind(4.2m).A method for designing the nozzle is provided.

Discharge coefficient

Bandwidth throttling

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Study on Influence of Nozzle Structure on Flow in Diesel Nozzle Orifice

Applied Mechanics and Materials (2012)

Bing Li Xue Song Hu Xiao Feng Cao Gui Qi Jia Fang Xie

The fuel flow characteristics in diesel nozzle orifice are key factors to the atomization of fuel near the nozzle orifice. In the paper, two-phase flow model is used to simulate the complex flow features in nozzle orifice, and to study the influences of the relative position of nozzles orifice axis and nozzle axis, and inclination angle of nozzle hole on the internal flow feature.

Discharge coefficient

Orifice plate

Internal flow

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.127

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Approaches to Understanding Multiple-Inlet Stability

Coastal Sediments (2007)

William C. Seabergh

The morphologic response of inlets that are part of a multiple inlet system, defined here as two or more coastal inlets connected to the same bay, is a complex problem. It has been thought that one inlet will eventually dominate, and that other inlets will close. Of course, in nature, there is a full range of situations and physical realities that complicate this situation. As more experience and historical information become available, various approaches can be tested. There may be multiple inlet systems serving a bay region that have naturally developed and coexisted for many years in some cases or there maybe newly developed multiple inlet systems whose inlets immediately respond to each other, with the more efficient inlet creating a decline in the size of the other inlet, probably at a varying rate proportional to their efficiencies. An example of this type situation at two inlets on the Guatemalan coast is examined in this paper.

10.1061/40926(239)107

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