Gene mutation analysis using next‐generation sequencing and its clinical significance in patients with myeloid neoplasm: A multi‐center study from China
Junnan LiPei LiSimin LiangShuangnian XuYi WangXiao WangYi LiaoQian ZhanWei ChengZesong YangXiaoqiong TangHongbin ZhangQing XiaoJianbin ChenLin LiuLi Wang
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Abstract:
Myeloid neoplasms (MN) tend to relapse and deteriorate. Exploring the genomic mutation landscape of MN using next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a great measure to clarify the mechanism of oncogenesis and progression of MN.This multicenter retrospective study investigated 303 patients with MN using NGS from 2019 to 2021. The characteristics of the mutation landscape in the MN subgroups and the clinical value of gene variants were analyzed.At least one mutation was detected in 88.11% of the patients (267/303). TET2 was the most common mutation in the cohort, followed by GATA2, ASXL1, FLT3, DNMT3A, and TP53. Among patients with myeloid leukemia (ML), multivariate analysis showed that patients aged ≥60 years had lower overall survival (OS, p = 0.004). Further analysis showed TET2, NPM1, SRSF2, and IDH1 gene mutations, and epigenetic genes (p < 0.050) presented significantly higher frequency in older patients. In patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and myelodysplastic neoplasms (MPN), univariate analysis showed that BCORL1 had a significant impact on OS (p = 0.040); however, in multivariate analysis, there were no factors significantly associated with OS. Differential analysis of genetic mutations showed FLT3, TP53, MUC16, SRSF2, and KDM5A mutated more frequently (p < 0.050) in secondary acute myeloid leukemia (s-AML) than in MDS and MPN. TP53, U2AF1, SRSF2, and KDM5A were mutated more frequently (p < 0.050) in s-AML than in primary AML. KDM5A was observed to be restricted to patients with s-AML in this study, and only co-occurred with MUC16 and TP53 (2/2, 100%). Another mutation was MUC16, and its co-occurrence pattern differed between s-AML and AML. MUC16 mutations co-occurred with KDM5A and TP53 in 66.7% (2/3) of patients with s-AML and co-occurred with CEBPA in 100% (4/4) of patients with AML.Our results demonstrate different genomic mutation patterns in the MN subgroups and highlight the clinical value of genetic variants.Keywords:
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The problem ofMade in Chinahas already been an important task for the economy development and intellectual property rights of China.Since China joined WTO,more and more foreign enterprises have entered into China.The Chinese reform and opening policy have profited from the fast and wealthy development ofMade in China, and many foreign enterprises have also benefited from it in China.After thirty years of reform and opening policy,the tendency ofMade in Chinaand independent intellectual property rights of China will decide the future development of China.AndChina Designis not only the important content for intellectual property rights of China,but also the necessary positive factor for the development ofMade in China. In fact,design means innovation.A country without design will never develop fast.
Chinese economy
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중국이 강대국을 목표로 변화하는 과정에서 ‘신형 대국관계(新型大國關係, 후에 신형국제관계로 변함)’를 강조하며 “태평양은 미중 양 대국이 같이 관리할 수 있을 정도로 넓다(寬廣的太平洋有足勾空間容納中美兩個大國).”라고 한 주장과 전략은 미국의 ‘재균형(Rebalancing)’과 ‘아시아로의 회귀(Pivot to Asia)’전략에서 발전된 인도·태평양전략으로 대치되고 있다. 동아시아 국제관계는 미국의 세계전략과 중국의 전략이 서로 충돌하는 형상으로, 강대국과 강대국이 되려는 국가 사이에 서양 체스와 중국 장기(象棋) 양식의 경쟁이 일어나고 있다.
현재 동아시아에서 중국의 경제·군사 능력 상승과 대외영향력이 증대함에 따라 일부 학자는 해당 지역에서 세력전이가 일어날 수도 있다고 주장도 하지만, 미국 주도 세계체제의 안정성을 신뢰하는 학자들은 이러한 세력전이 가능성을 낮게 본다. 그러나 외형상 동북아 국제관계는 미국·일본·한국의 동맹체제와 중국·러시아·북한의 협력체제의 대립 및 북핵문제와 양안(兩岸) 갈등과 같은 진영 간 대립이 지역 안보, 경제에 영향을 미친다 할 수 있다.
본 논문은 동북아에서 중장기적으로 중국에 의한 세력전이가 일어날 수 있는지에 대해 분석하며, 북핵문제로 복잡해진 한반도 주변 국제환경에서 중국의 대(對)한반도 전략 및 한국과 북한에 대한 개별 전략이 무엇인지 알아보는데 중점을 두었다. 동북아지역은 중국이 주장하는 바와 같이 ‘중국이 외부로 진출하기(走出去)’ 위한 관문이자, 중국은 현재 동북아국 제관계의 역학관계 및 지정학적 장점을 활용하며 자국의 영향력을 강화하는 상황이다. 동북아에서 새로운 대국의 출현과 그 영향력 강화는 북한 핵 도발과 더불어 한국의 안보환경에 새로운 도전이 되기도 하는데, 본 논문은 중국의 동북아 전략이 한국의 안보환경에 어떤 변화를 일으킬 수 있는지와 그에 대한 대응은 무엇인지 알아보는데 중점을 두었다.
Peninsula
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We Chinese must have such a sober cognition as the fact of “China’s rise” has been exaggerated by western public opinion. “China’s rise” should be accurately interpreted as “China is now rising”.The reason for this is that China has a big gap against the rising target on economy and colligate national power etc. Now China only stands at starting point, with basic foundation and condition.
Foundation (evidence)
Chinese economy
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China in 2020: the leadership and the Party China 2020: international relations The Chinese economy in the next decade China's military in 2020 China's environment in 2020 China's western regions 2020: their national and global implications China's rule of law China's 'soft power' development by 2020.
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Although china is not a member of G8,more and more evidence shows the distance between china and G8 is getting closer since their first contact in 2003.This paper begins with the interrelationship history of china and G8,then analyzes the reasons of G8 inviting china and the significance for china to affiliate it.Being up against the challenge and uncertainty of globalization,china should considerate affiliating G8 carefully.
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With 30 years of reform and opening-up to the outside world,China has made great progress in strengthening her power and improving people's life.This is closely related to the improved external environment.The Sino-Japanese governmental economic cooperation revolved around Japan's ODA policies towards China is one of the factors that has promoted rapid development in China.
Economic reform
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Japan plays an integral role in the US–China relationship, as a major trading partner of both and the third-largest economy in the world. Both the United States and China have deep ties with Japan, and both states have used their relationship with Japan to seek to advance their interests with regard the other. Japan's power is shrinking relative to the United States and China, but it remains an important regional and global actor – capable of substantially enhancing US power with regard to China and of acting as a spoiler for both US and Chinese interests. This makes both the US–China and Japan–China relationships in many ways a triangular US–Japan–China relationship, with the added challenges that a three-way relationship entails. When considering the challenges of the US–China relationship moving forward, careful attention should be paid to the impact of Japan on the evolving US–China dynamic.
Resizing
Great power
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