Andrology laboratory review: evaluation of sperm motility
Augustine T. PeterLeonardo F.C. BritoGary C. AlthouseChristine AurichP.J. ChenowethNatalie S. FraserCheryl LopateCharles C. LoveGaia LuvoniD. Waberski
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Abstract:
This review is an effort by the andrology taskforce of the Association of Applied AnimalAndrology, American College of Theriogenologists, European College of Animal Reproduction, andSociety for Theriogenology. It is intended to serve as a reference on methods to evaluate spermmotility in domestic animals and to contribute to adoption of best practices in veterinary andrologylaboratories and semen processing centers. Sperm motility evaluation topics covered include samplepreparation, subjective evaluation, computer-assisted semen analysis, and use of sperm qualityanalyzers. Emphasis is given to principles of the methods, equipment, performing evaluation, andcommon mistakes and/or pitfalls. In addition, precision and accuracy of the various methods arediscussed.Keywords:
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Background. Several studies have shown the short-term effects of COVID-19 on semen quality, but not as many for the long-term effects. This follow-up study aims to explore the long-term effects of COVID-19 on male fertility by comparing semen parameters of patients recovering from COVID-19 infection. Methods. Fourteen subjects aged >18 years old who had a history of resolved COVID-19 infection with previous evidence of laboratory-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal PCR swab result, and had a previous history of infertility after COVID-19 infection based on the evidence of the semen analysis within 6 months or longer were recruited in this study. Analysis of the semen parameter of all fourteen subjects was performed, including semen volume, pH, sperm concentration, total, progressive, non-progressive, and immotile motility percentage, morphology percentage, leukocyte, erythrocyte, and immature sperm cells parameters. The semen analysis obtained from this current semen analysis was compared with individual baseline semen analysis results, which were obtained in the resolution phase of COVID-19 infection, 6 months or longer from the current semen analysis. Results. Mean pH decreased significantly in follow-up semen analysis, with baseline vs. follow-up 7.9 vs 7.4 (p=0.002; 95%CI=0.3-0.67).
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We evaluated whether a second semen analysis as suggested by the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction would improve diagnostic reliability in the evaluation of male infertility.We analyzed a total of 5,132 semen samples from 2,566 men who underwent at least 2 consecutive semen analyses at a university fertility center. Reproducibility and correlation between the first and second analyses were evaluated for sperm concentration, motility and morphology according to the WHO criteria as well as the total motile sperm count.Altogether 51.2% of the second analyses confirmed the initial findings according to WHO criteria and 60% confirmed them when applying total motile sperm count criteria. After finding normozoospermia on the initial analysis 27% of the second semen analyses were pathological. Following a first pathological semen analysis 23% of the second analyses were normal and 77% were pathological. The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.23 to 0.60. The Spearman correlation coefficient was high for sperm concentration (rs = 0.84) and normal morphology (rs = 0.80) but lower for progressive motility (rs = 0.57). The discriminating capacity of each semen parameter to distinguish between men with a normal vs a pathological second semen analysis was rather limited (ROC AUC 0.72 to 0.79).In accordance with WHO recommendations 2 consecutive semen analysis should be performed.
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<b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim of the study was to determine whether Ramadan month-long daily fasting affects semen analysis parameters. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This retrospective cohort study was conducted in tertiary academic medical center. Medical records of 97 Muslim patients who were admitted to the IVF unit from May 2011 to May 2021 were reviewed. Only men who provided at least one semen sample during Ramadan period (Ramadan month +70 days after) and one sample not during Ramadan were included. Semen characteristics of each patient were independently compared to themselves. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The post-gradient semen analysis indicated significantly lower progressive sperm motility (mean 30.01 ± 20.46 vs. 38.12 ± 25.13) (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The decrease in the progressive motility remained significant among patients with non-male factor indications (<i>p</i> < 0.001). In the non-male factor indication group, the difference in the progressive motility of the post-gradient semen analysis between the 2 samples was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.4). There were no significant differences between semen parameters before centrifuging. The incidence of asthenospermia (progressive sperm motility <32%) as an absolute parameter was higher after centrifuging the semen sample during the Ramadan period (<i>p</i> = 0.04). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Semen samples collected during Ramadan period were associated with lower progressive motility and reduced semen volume compared to semen samples from the same men outside of the Ramadan period. A possible effect of these altered semen parameters on fertility should be investigated further.
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The semen analysis is a very important to evaluate the clinical inspection items of male reproductive ability.However,semen analysis result is not reliable,there are many factors that directly affect the result of the semen analysis when the semen analysis.Through investigation and analysis the major factors affect semen analysis are semen specimen collection way and time,specimen preservation and management,and the specimen test technology and attitude.Only the correct way of collecting semen,suitable semen specimen containers and storage,good inspection staff attitude,can obtain accurate analysis results of semen specimens.
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One of the important and underappreciated reproductive health problems in developing countries is the high rate of infertility and childlessness. A cross-sectional type of descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the male fertility status by the conventional semen analysis. This study was conducted in which 100 men with age ranged from 20 to 45 years of a primary and secondary infertile couple of more than one year, in the Infertility OPD of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka during October 2012 to March 2013. They were divided into two groups depending on the results of their semen analysis: 35 with abnormal semen and 65 with normal semen profile. The mean (±SD) age was 34.0±4.7 years in patients with abnormal semen and 33.9±5.6 years in patients with normal semen. Nearly one-third (31.42%) of the patients was a farmer in abnormal semen and 7.7% in normal semen. The majority (62.85%) of the abnormal semen patients worked in hot environments, STD was found 20.0% in patients with abnormal semen and 3.1% in patients with normal semen, mumps observed 8.6% in abnormal semen and 3.1% in normal semen patients. Surgical history was found 11.4% in abnormal semen and 1.5% in normal semen patients. Positive family history of infertility was found in 8.6% of abnormal semen patients but no positive family history of infertility was found in normal semen patients. Varicocele was found 25.7% in patients with abnormal semen and 21.5% in patients with normal semen. Primary subfertility was 91.4% in abnormal semen patients and 58.5% in normal semen patients. Farmer, hot working environment, STD, surgical history, positive family history, primary subfertility were significantly (p<0.05) higher in patients with abnormal semen. The highest number of patients were oligospermic (51.4) followed by azoospermia 22.9%, asthenozoospermia 17.1%, teratozoospermia 5.7% and aspermia 2.9%. Occupational exposure, STD, hot environment, past surgical history has a significant negative impact on male infertility.
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